Automatic Flight Control Systems Engineering Essay

Programmed Flight Control Systems Engineering Essay We experience a daily reality such that innovation is, if not being improved, created constantly. Ordinary new upgrades, developments and revelations are made. One industry that is consistently on the lead with regards to new developments and advancements is the Aviation Industry. Throughout the years, airplanes have been confronting significant enhancements for the structure, eco-friendliness, life-length, scope of flight. Yet, perhaps the best improvement that have been done on each airplane (business) that had the greatest effect in the Aviation Industry and most presumably the primary motivation behind why the business has been blasting up is the upgrades done in the Avionics segment, explicitly the Automatic Flight Controls. Before all else, Pilots were prepared to fly the airplanes alone. Yet, following quite a while, it is currently the pilots programming the PC, disclosing to it where to fly, at what elevation, and so on. This PC is the AFCS (Automatic Flight Control System). In today’s present day universe of flying, it is the AFCS who is in fact flying the airplane, from cruising to landing, and for some until stopping. The AFCS has a great deal of points of interest when contrasted with human pilots with regards to flying. Here are some of them: The AFCS can conquer insufficiencies with regards to solidness and control. The AFCS improved the taking care of characteristics. For example, when the velocity or the elevation of the airplane should be consistent. The AFCS is increasingly exact and thus can do a few errands that the pilot can't do. * Source: Emirates Aviation College’s Automatic Flight Control Systems Book (Chapter 3.1.3) To show signs of improvement comprehension of the AFCS, its various pieces will be talked about, for example, the Autopilot System, Flight Director System, Auto Throttle System and so on. The data about the AFCS will be founded on one of Boeing’s great airplanes, the 737-500. FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ( FMS) The Flight Management System is route, consolidated flight control, a Built-In Test Equipment (BITE) and a direction framework. The FMS gives control and activity of five free subsystems to give sidelong route (LNAV) and vertical route (VNAV) for execution the board and ideal flight profiles. The Flight Management System isn't named to any control board or any single segment as it is a mix of five autonomous subsystems. These subsystems are: Digital Flight Control System (DFCS) Inertial Reference System (IRS) Autothrottle Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) Flight Management Computer System (FMCS) * Source: United Airlines’ Boeing 737-322/522 (page 6, Chapter 22-2, Oct ’99) from Emirates Aviation College Library This framework was intended to expand eco-friendliness, security and diminishing outstanding burden. For the two pilots, this implies they can choose full FMS activity or Autopilot Flight Director System (AFDS) for a total programmed flight. They ca n even utilize the Control Display Units (CDU) to give, for manual flight, reference data. The board and activity is absolutely heavily influenced by the flight team. There are just sure tasks that must be actualized by the flight group. They are: landing rollout directing, push inversion, speed brake activity, height choice, landing rigging and fold activity, instrument landing framework (ILS) tuning, push inception, brake discharge, plane turn and controlling during departure roll.

Dialing Our Death A Critical Response to Stephen King’s Cell Free Essays

While Stephen King’s Cell may be about zombies, the 2006 novel is likewise a cunning editorial on America’s dependence on innovation. King’s arrangement is that, on the evening of October 1, an unusual â€Å"pulse† is communicated across American phone systems. The beat, when heard by individuals on their cells, promptly renders PDA clients into deadly, zombie-like animals. We will compose a custom paper test on Dialing Our Death: A Critical Response to Stephen King’s Cell or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now These individuals, known as â€Å"Phoners,† are not, at this point human. The couple of individuals unaffected by the beat, got back to â€Å"Normies,† endeavor to battle for endurance. Ruler implies intensely that our reliance upon innovation will be our demise. The focal characters’ battle to endure runs optional to King’s technophobic message. The plot is successfully more significant than the story it underpins. The vast majority of the consideration is paid to the beat itself. The rampaging zombies are given motivation to exist: their cerebrums have been truly â€Å"scrambled like a skillet of eggs† (43). Their brutal and shocking activities are representative of what King feels our reality is turning out to be. Regardless of whether King’s doesn’t think utilizing mobile phones and visiting sites will prompt end times or frenzies, maybe he is (in any event) recommending that we are getting similarly as thoughtless. At the point when the beat strikes, the â€Å"Phoners† were associated by means of system. Everybody influenced has been connected together. The risk, King proposes, is that our contracting world isn't really something to be thankful for. To King, PDAs and the Internet have stopped to be methods of transmitting data. Sharing data is less significant than trading recordings and tunes with companions now, or having discussions while strolling through a recreation center. Individuals seem as though they are conversing with themselves. Ruler feels that innovation has left us defenseless. We probably won't be powerless against a zombie-making â€Å"pulse,† however we are absolutely helpless against losing our feeling of personality and mankind. We are giving ourselves, gradually, over to innovation. In Cell, the thoughtless â€Å"Phoners† are before long sorted out into â€Å"Flocks,† which move around in designs particularly like relocating flying creatures. This underscores King’s focal dread: the marriage of innovation and science. He is by all accounts requiring a world that exists disconnected. In his book The Soft Edge, media scholar Paul Levinson concurs that the crucial idea of innovation intently reviews humanity. There are real worries to consider as we advance toward an ever-expanding reliance upon the innovations accessible to us. Levinson states that â€Å"the insight of nature isn't in every case bravo, to the extent that it suits storms, dry spell, starvation, quake, and all way of dangerous occurrences† (150). Nature’s inclination toward decimation and breakdown, otherwise called entropy, is reflected in innovation and, plainly, in Cell. Like nature itself, annihilation is a piece of the idea of innovation, King accepts. Levinson questions whether innovation can have things like â€Å"ugly ragweed,† which must be checked and controlled. He asks â€Å"whether ragweed can be controlled without stifling the excellence and worth that develops directly close to it, untended† (Levinson 151). His vision is lined up with King’sâ€technology has the ability to destroyâ€but he feels that it very well may be controlled. Mechanical frameworks won't rebel against us, as they do in Cell, however they should be effectively viewed. Cell paints an unmistakable picture of society near the precarious edge of collapseâ€one that individuals have eagerly gotten tied up with. In King’s mind, we are guiding ourselves to our own death, if not our loss of mankind. Something as basic and omnipresent as a phone is transformed into a device of fear. With Cell, King makes us question whether we have built up frameworks for ourselves that are less useful but rather more they are corruptive. His tale is a wake up call about where we are going as a progress. At the point when we next pick up the telephone, King recommends the destiny of our own mankind might be calling. The most effective method to refer to Dialing Our Death: A Critical Response to Stephen King’s Cell, Papers

MDP Professor Glenn Denning discusses gene editing, food COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

MDP Professor Glenn Denning discusses gene editing, food COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA Professor Glenn Denning was featured on Popular Sciences website in, GENE EDITING SHIFTS FOOD POSSIBILITIES FORWARD. Heres the beginning of the piece, and make sure you take a look at the rest of the article, too! The aisles of your corner grocery may look mundane. But as you walk past the stacks of cherries and blueberries, the ears of corn and bottles of white wine, consider that you are witnessing a race against time. Every day, our planet grows a little hotter and a little more crowded. Every day, we need to grow more food in the face of more hostile conditions. Every day, scientists are racing to develop tougher crops that can withstand growing heat, drought and ferocious storms to feed a growing population. “Our existing varieties of crops, our existing seeds, are not necessarily well-adapted to the new environment,” said Glenn Denning, a professor of development policy at Columbia University. “We have to look elsewhere.” The race never stops. It plays out year after year, in our laboratories, on our farms and along the aisles of our supermarkets. We have managed to stay one step ahead largely due to human ingenuity. The quest for a more perfect crop is about to take a quantum leap. Scientists have developed a breakthrough technology that will allow us to develop new crops built for a harsher climate. It’s called gene editing and it could prove vital to our survival in a warmer world. READ MORE

How I Learned From The Class Writings - 1418 Words

As I look back to when I first started taking this class I began to think about the things that I have learned. It had been quite a long time since I wrote anything other than basic notes or letters before I started taking the EN100 course. In fact, I have never been much of a writer even when writing about subjects I enjoy, so when the Justice was brought up as the main topic of the papers that we would be writing over the semester I was less then pleased. Now that my misgivings as a writer and my distain for the overall subject matter are out in the open, let’s get back to the subject at hand. What have I learned in EN100 or more specifically, what have I learned from each of the papers I wrote on justice and from the in class writings?†¦show more content†¦Another thing I learned from that first paper is that it is not acceptable to forsake the freedoms of some in order to better the majority. John Rawls, wrote in his book, ‘A Theory of Justice that Each per son possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override. For this reason justice denies that the loss of freedoms for some is made right by the greater good shared by others. So not only should justice be upheld for all people, regardless of their situation, but that these rights should not be overlooked in order to merely appease a majority. My second paper entitled Unjust American Justice showcased an article by Talia Jane called â€Å"5 ways America’s Justice System Is Designed to Screw You.† I learned from writing this paper is that someone cannot simply use â€Å"facts† that are based on a single persons experience if that person does not allow people to check their facts by withholding the name of their source. When writing one should always try to state facts, not opinion or bias experience. When reading any articleShow MoreRelatedHow I Learned From Class Into My Writing876 Words   |  4 Pagessemester I thought Writing 102 was going to be very similar to other writing courses that I have taken. However, as the semester wore on, I came to the realization that this course would be challenging for me. I have always thought that my writing was fine and that I could skate by with mediocre papers. This thought process could not have been further from the truth. To be successful in writing classes such as this one, I needed to follow a writing process. I needed to utilize the information I learnedRead MoreMy First Time Making A Career Goal1516 Words   |  7 Pages2015 Lesson Learned To me, this semester has gone by pretty fast and during this semester, I learned so much in this course in a short period of time. I learned how to study different methods of writing and writing in different purposes. 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As a college student, my writing are about different types of class assignmentsRead MoreReflection About My Writing Process925 Words   |  4 PagesMy writing process have improved thank you to my English 100 level class at Arizona Western College. I feel more confident with my writing style. At the beginning of the class I was very confused with the writing process and the steps to make an essay. I had a difficult time developing an outline and putting together my ideas, so I was not able to write an essay with a good structure. In addition, my grammar was not the best, and some of my sentences were incomplete. During the class period I learnedRead MoreSignificant Improvement : Things That I Have Learned From English 10101105 Words   |  5 PagesThings that I have Learned from English 1010 Have I improved from when the class started to now? Or have I remained the same or worse have I become a worse writer and reader? 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As a college studentRead MoreGraduation Speech : My Writing Skills943 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the course of DE, I have truly learned a lot and my writing skills have truly improved tremendously. Taking this class has helped me become a better writer and has helped my grammar grow extremely. Another thing that I have gained in this class is stronger sense of vocabulary words. While writing these papers I have learned the variety of different papers there are. I have learned how to write these papers for future purposes so I will be successful in the long run. My goals as an improvingRead MoreMy First Year Of High School923 Words   |  4 Pagesto have learned and known that something. During my senior year of high school, I discovered everything I learned prior to that year would relate to my future. Writing essays every day helped me to be accustomed to writing. Reading something every day will helped me because that I would learn new information. Using the technologies like the computer is also a part of my meaning to everyday life. Lifelong Learning will always be part of our daily lives wherever we go. To begin with, writing is a lotRead MoreI Am An International Student From South Korea929 Words   |  4 PagesI am an international student from South Korea. As a first-year international student, English language and American culture are my weakness in my academic life. Especially, I had a lack of American culture such as manner. I took the ENG 194 class to improve my academic writing skill for my future writing works and know the American culture. Moreover, in this class, I wanted to know that something practical knowledges about how to apply for a job in the United States of America. Because one of myRead MoreI Am Proud Of What I Have Accomplished951 Words   |  4 PagesBefore taking UWP1, I felt confident in my ability to write an essay; however I struggled with in-class essays because of the limited amount of time to draft, write, and edit. As a sophomore, I have experience writing academic essays for UC Davis classes. I have come accustomed to in-class essays and short-ans wer paragraphs in lieu of the typical multiple-choice test. With the time limit on an in-class essay, I always felt rushed, and by the time I reached the conclusion I felt I was only repeating

Doctorate in Business Administration and the Theory of Business 2019

Business administration has two PhDs someone can obtain. One is a Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA), and the other is the PhD or Doctor of Philosophy. Of the two, the PhD program is designed specifically for a career in research and teaching or other academic pursuits. The PhD doctoral program will provide a foundation in business, economics and management. Equally important, however, are the components of research theory and the type of interdisciplinary regimen that will be necessary for original research in the field. The in-depth study of research and research technique begins with a review of the literature on the subject. Moving on, the PhD candidate in business administration will study theoretical modeling; research design; computer-assisted analysis of empirical data; and the preparation of proposals and research papers drawn from these studies. A basic requirement for someone interested in pursuing a doctoral career of this type is an inquisitive nature that is comfortable with the intellectual skepticism critical to a research environment. Many great scientists place doubt as the keystone of great research: in academia, uncertainty is a positive and productive force. .uc4026b1f1ff0094df13f8185397734cd { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uc4026b1f1ff0094df13f8185397734cd:active, .uc4026b1f1ff0094df13f8185397734cd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uc4026b1f1ff0094df13f8185397734cd { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uc4026b1f1ff0094df13f8185397734cd .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uc4026b1f1ff0094df13f8185397734cd .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uc4026b1f1ff0094df13f8185397734cd:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Find Vocational and Trade Degree ProgramsAnother critical element of the PhD program for business administration is the development of teaching skills. The assumption is that people enrolled in this program may well be headed toward a life in an academic environment and in the field of business administration; the classroom will be part of that environment. Some schools have developed teaching courses that are interdisciplinary in nature, bringing together doctoral candidates from a variety of fields to learn about the teaching process. Out of this, a PhD candidate should develop a philosophy of teaching that is bred from coursework, work as a graduate assistant and interaction with his peers from other disciplines. In a traditional campus setting, the faculty advisor is an important resource for PhD candidates, acting as a mentor through the course of study. Choice of a faculty advisor usually depends on the intended area of concentration, such as management, financing, and the like. At some point, a Doctorate Program Committee comes together as the student begins to formulate a thesis outline. .u96b6272a0c7706b1b3e77ef0af1bcab2 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u96b6272a0c7706b1b3e77ef0af1bcab2:active, .u96b6272a0c7706b1b3e77ef0af1bcab2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u96b6272a0c7706b1b3e77ef0af1bcab2 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u96b6272a0c7706b1b3e77ef0af1bcab2 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u96b6272a0c7706b1b3e77ef0af1bcab2 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u96b6272a0c7706b1b3e77ef0af1bcab2:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Schools, Colleges, and Institutes of TechnologyThere are a certain number of core courses regarding business administration that are required for any PhD program. These may or may not have been met during previous study. They include the basics of business theory, economics, statistics, and the use of computers for a variety of purposes. Beyond the core requirements, much of a PhD program may involve activities outside the classroom and off campus, in the area of emphasis. PhD candidates in business administration may focus on a primary area of interest. Among the standard academic offerings as focal areas are international business, international finance, marketing, production/operations management, finance, and accounting. The purpose of a PhD program in business administration is to prepare the doctor-to-be for a productive role in research, in the classroom, and should the path lead elsewhere, in a corporate environment or in government. Because of the rapidly growing communications abilities of the internet, there are some PhD programs in business administration available online. The DBA mentioned earlier, on the other hand, is a program offered by a variety of online schools. Both University of Phoenix and Warren National University offer online doctorate programs in business administration. The computer and the telephone provide the communications links to campus resources and faculty guidance. .u72494324dd367b3a8164e5a636d98cbf { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u72494324dd367b3a8164e5a636d98cbf:active, .u72494324dd367b3a8164e5a636d98cbf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u72494324dd367b3a8164e5a636d98cbf { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u72494324dd367b3a8164e5a636d98cbf .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u72494324dd367b3a8164e5a636d98cbf .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u72494324dd367b3a8164e5a636d98cbf:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Utah Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Utah, the Beehive State Related ArticlesBusiness Practices and TheoryOnline Postgraduate Business Administration DegreesA Doctor of Business Administration Degree Unlocks the Door to the Global EconomyFinding a College Teaching PositionThe Doctorate in Education Educational LeadershipHow to Teach Yourself Computer Programming

Waves Free Essays

When people think of waves they may think of a nice vacation or maybe a storm. Most people may not think about what causes waves or how waves can get so tall and powerful. In addition, people may not think about how tides are formed. We will write a custom essay sample on Waves or any similar topic only for you Order Now The movement of waves includes information about how waves form, how they move, what happens when waves interact, and some of the effects of waves. When people visit a beach, they might realize the daily rise and fall of the water, or how high and low tides can get. Tides are caused by the moon, sun, and the earth and are almost never are the same size or duration. A tide can spread out to be much bigger than what it was predicted to be (Simon 1990). The easiest tidal sequence is the semidiurnal tide. A semidiurnal tide has two high tides and two low tides of about equal height each day. Semidiurnal tides may have a daily inequity where successive hide tides have different heights. Semidiurnal tides are often easy to predict because high or low tides occur a consistent length of time after the moon has passed overhead. Both the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans generally have some semidiurnal tides with two other tides each day. Spring tides normally occur when there is a full moon and the sun and the earth are in a straight line. When this happens, tides are never the same size or last the same amount of time as the people may expect. There is also neap tides and they occur when the moon is in the first or last quarter, when its gravitational pull on the oceans is at a right angle to the sun. When this happens the tide will not be the same size or last the same amount of time either. (Hawkins 2005). Therefore, the pull of the moon causes tides and these tides produce waves. Waves are the forward movement of the ocean’s water due to the oscillation of water particles by frictional drag. Waves can also vary in size and strength based on wind speed (B. Amanda). When people are considering waves, it is important to know that while it appears that the water is moving forward, only a small amount of water is actually moving. Instead, it is the wave’s energy that is moving. When the waves get too tall, relative to the water’s deepness, the wave’s stability is weakened and the entire wave falls onto the beach, forming a breaker. Breakers come in all different types. The type of a breaker is determined by the slope of the shoreline. Falling breakers are caused by a steep slope. Spilling breakers occur when the shoreline has a gentle or gradual slope. Crests of waves are formed by a thrust or the forward push of the wave. Which could lead to the development of breakers. Sometimes, huge waves are created by undersea earthquakes or the pointy motions in the seafloor. These huge waves are called tsunamis or tidal waves. They can make really big messes and can kill a lot of people (B, Amanda). Waves are put into categories and named according to how they are formed and how they appear. Waves that are looped as they reach the shoreline are called ocean currents. These currents are generated in the surf zone when the front end of the wave pushes to the shore and then slows down. Wind also causes waves and these are called surface waves. Regular patterns of smooth, rounded waves in the open are called swells. Swells means that they are mature undulations of water in wave energy that has left the wave generating region (B,Amanda). When waves meet and interact they form what is called an interference. The interference occurs when the crest and trough are between two waves that are align and then they combine. The action of an interference makes a dramatic increase in wave height. When water molecules get the energy they move forward,and all of the waves are forced closer together because they are now moving a lot slower because of the wind speed. The movement of wind speed over the oceans generates corresponding movements in the water. When the seafloor becomes shallow the waves become flattened(B,Amanda). An underwater earthquake can trigger a tsunami that creates a long, fault rupture that can get up to or over 800 miles long(B,Amanda). â€Å"In December 2004, an underwater earthquake was triggered a string of tsunamis along the Indian Ocean with overwhelming effects. Scientists have found a break in the sea floor faults which are causing the earthquakes, tsunamis, and waves to be extremely dangerous. † (B,Amanda) Since waves are so powerful they have a big impact on the shape of the world’s coastlines. Generally, they straighten coastlines. Sometimes headland’s composed old rocks are very resistant to erosion just into the ocean and force waves to bend around them. When this happens, the waves energy is spread out over multiple areas and different sections of the coastline which receive different amounts of energy and are then shaped differently by waves(B,Amanda). Waves can also cancel out each other through when crest meets a tough or vise versa. The movement of sand, gravel, and concrete with the long shore drift is know as deposition. Coastal landforms caused by deposition include barrier spits, bay barriers, lagoon, tombolos and even beaches themselves. Coastal features found today include cliffs, wave cut platforms, sea caves, and arches. These types of features make it clear that ocean waves have a tremendous impact on today shoreline. Erosion also creates many of the coastal features found today. It can also act in taking away sand and sediment from beaches especially on those that have heavy wave action. Erosion also creates many of the coastal waves today(Amanda B). Erosion is a broadly defined group of processes involving the movement of soil and rock. This movement is often the result of flowing agents, whether wind, water, or ice. How to cite Waves, Papers

Introduction to Technology in Education

Question: Discuss about the Introduction to Technology in Education. Answer: Introduction I Monika Sharma, student number 5355345 have gone through many magazines and journal article that boost my thinking towards the importance of the introduction of technology in the education system. As a part of my assignment of the subject code EDGI900 for the purpose of research and evaluation, the blog consider the relevant information supporting the concerned topic. Beatty, (2013) stated that computers become a part and parcel of life so much that they are used in all purpose for the accomplishment of the work. In the education field, the use of a computer is enhancing to an extent that all teaching and learning procedure is done with the help of a computer. Information and communication technology makes it possible to learn the foreign language efficiently and facilitate the language learning process. Moreover, the computer can be used as an aid for learning and can be considered as a substantial interactive element. In addition to that, emerging trend of CALL (Computer- Assisted Language Learning) will also be discussed in this assignment, which primarily comprise of two significant features - interactive learning and personalized learning. A brief summary of four selected journal articles will be given in this assignment in order to support the research topic. The use of evolving computer technology that makes the learning procedure easy to adopt for students and easy for teachers to make the student learn are two of the prime advantage of using CALL. Levy and Stockwell, (2013) depicts that sometimes teachers are on vacation and in that period of time the classes has not been conducted; however, with the incorporation of CALL in the education system even in the absences of teacher they can make their fellow students teach the chapters. On the other hand, Hsu, (2013) illustrate that a huge number of students use this facility for learning different language through the multimedia application. The visual and graphical representation of the learning materials makes the students more attracted towards the procedure of the education. These computer application programming allow the class scheduling according to the requirement of the individual learning. The interactive course can also develops the communication skills with their team members a s well as make them aware of the evolving technology. Golonka et al., (2014) portrays that, there are three phases of the CALL for individual to learn languages in efficient manner. These phases are - Communicative CALL, Behavioral CALL and integrative CALL. The communicative CALL makes the teacher enable to communicate with their students for teaching grammar implicitly (Mutlu Eroz-Tuga, (2013). It also uses the target language with ease and makes the learning environment more natural both in online and in offline mode. Thomas et al., (2012) however, negates by depicting that communicative CALL application does not reward students on completion of small milestones that, results in discouraging them for achieving the next step of learning with interest. These computer-learning aids can never replace the effectiveness pf the conventional way of learning. In the context of the Behavioral CALL, Chapelle, (2016) mentioned that it dominate the behaviorist theories of learning. The author also mentioned that computer application can be set according to the individual's requirement and can be used in a repetitive way as computer do not get bored for carrying out repeated drills. This repeated exposure helps the student to understand the pattern of the study and helps them to perform well in their learning ability. Moreover, Fatemi Jahromi and Salimi, (2013) illustrate that integrative CALL mainly comprises of two technology Multimedia and Internet. Students can use multimedia for finding a procedure by which they can learn their way by using computers. This procedure makes the student create an authentic learning environment that s integrated by reading and writing skills along with some learning activities. This learning session also comprises of workbooks that help to assess the learn g outcome of the students and enables the teacher to analyze the weak areas of students so that they can proceed with another method. Students can search for different language videos in order to acquire the knowledge regarding the language, vocabulary and pronunciation skills. Hubbard and Levy, (2016) stated that Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) along with the CALL application signifies the importance of using the internet in education. Internet facility is developing so fast that everyone becomes used to with this invention. AbuSeileek and Qatawneh, (2013) further depicts that the internet has provided students an efficient way to communicate with their learning partners or to their tutors from anywhere 24 hours a day. This internet communication can be classified majorly in two ways asynchronous and synchronous communication. The asynchronous way of communication resembles the communication made by the student through discussion board or e-mails to their mentors or learning partners. This way, the language they learn and the grammatical mistakes can be quickly assessed, and further rectification methods will be implemented so that the students can learn the desired language efficiently. However, Thomas et al., (2012) demonstrate a negative outcome with this procedure that the students cannot communicate in person, which may weaken their ability to verbal communication with other especially when they are in other places. Thus, in order to overcome this, a synchronous way of communication is adopted by teachers as well as by student. MOOs, Skype and other video conferencing application are used so that their verbal communication skills can be assessed. Numerous software is also available on the internet like Rosetta Stone, fluenz, Speed Learning Languages and eLanguage (Perveen, (2016). These software makes student search for their required language learning study materials by selecting customizes learning module. Concordancing is assessment software where students themselves can test their hypothesis or language learning by finding the lexical and grammatical meanings within available stories. Sauro, (2012) stated that in the context of CALL, the computer themselves become a tutor for the students in numerous fields. The concerned application can be used in rectification of the grammar, reading and writing skills, integrated skills and speaking pronouncing and listening behavior (Sauro, 2012). Various software is present for making educational approaches effortless. Students as well as the teacher uses Longman Grammar Software, Grammar Mastery and Grammar 3D for learning and practicing grammar. ReadFlex is software used for speed-reading and with the help of the Paragraph Punch, students can write an effective paragraph in selected language. Moreover, Deutschmann and Vu, (2015) mentioned that different software are present for writing effective letters (WriteExpress Easy Letters) and report writings (Report Writer for Science and Engineering Reports) that not only allow the students to understand the format of these writings but also helps them to understand the quality of the language used for this. English Pronunciation and Dragon, Naturally Speaking, Accent Improvement are some of the application that is used for learning English, recognition of voice and for developing the accent of the non-native people like Chinese or African students so that they can improve their interaction effectively internationally (Chapelle, 2016). Beatty, (2013) mentioned that even though CALL has many advantages like improved cognitive and learning styles and individualized and private learning with the quality for self-assessing the development of the language, CALL is suffering from some adversities that need to be improved for the better educational learning procedures. (Hsu, 2013) also affirms that CALL is very predictable and is non-judgmental, which signifies some predefined programs that once practiced by students can easily be solved by them in the second try. This, they require some advanced learning workbook or training session for the further betterment. Hubbard and Levy, (2016) depicts that one of the most disadvantageous facts is that for accessing the CALL facility, one must have the internet connection in the academic infrastructure or house, which is not always possible for rural areas in developing countries. As a result, many students cannot search for appropriate resources for learning another language. Moreover, Bush (2013) illustrates that many teachers have the fear that CALL may have replaces them and hence they have a negative attitude towards CALL. This anxiety can be resolved by providing them proper training and skills to handle this application. Efficient professional or the application developer must have provided teachers instruction regarding the usage of the CALL for language, grammar and vocabulary learning. Kim, (2014) also holds an important issue that is the limited feedback of the teachers, as the developers also have to rely on their feedback quizzes for inputting essential learning objectives for all kind of students. Thus, it is concluded from the assignment that CALL helps in developing learning skills in a student for other native countries and culture regarding language and grammar for their educational qualification as well as their interaction with those communal. Teachers in school and high schools with this developing technology of CALL have to work effic iently for a better education system. Annotated Bibliography Angelova, M. Zhao, Y. (2016) Using an online collaborative project between American and Chinese students to develop ESL teaching skills, cross-cultural awareness and language skills, Computer Assisted Language Learning, 29:1, 167-185, DOI: 10.1080/09588221.2014.907320 Type: Conceptual Area of Study: Computer Assisted Language Learning for cross-cultural awareness Keywords: Computer-mediated communication (CMC), English as a second language (ESL), language skills, culture awareness Central theme and importance of the article The main emphasis of this article is to enlighten the importance of learning a language with the help of computers for the student who belongs from the different culture. A total of 26 Chinese first-year students are asked to collaborate with 23 American students so that each one of them can develop in three major fields improvement in their teaching skills to non-native people, understanding the knowledge of the diverse cultural importance and take an initiative to enhance the language skills of non-native students. The American students communicate and learn through computer facility like discussion boards, e-mails and sometimes Skype. The American students also help those Chinese students in developing their grammatical errors by asking them to write introductory essays on American life and culture. American students for obtaining better result in non-native Chinese students repeat this procedure. Keengwe, J. Hussein, F. (2012) Using computer-assisted instruction to enhance achievement of English language learners Type: Quantitative Study Area of Study: English language learners with the help of CALL City of Origin: New York Keywords: Computer technology, Computer-assisted instruction (CAI), English language learners (ELL), Charter Schools, Student Achievement Central theme and importance of the article This journal articles mainly emphasis on the Somali immigrants, who transferred to the United States due to Civil War. Somali students take admission to American charter schools, where their culture is being provided equal importance and students are provided an effective procedure for learning the English language. Computers based learning not only shows better result in the regular student from re school to their higher education, but it also helps the special needed students. These Somali students learn the English language by numerous procedures that are - computer assisted instruction (CAI) and computer-based instruction (CBI). Moreover, CAI provides effective tutorials and helps in developing interactive thinking, conferencing and word processing activities. It makes the student learn their syllabus study effectively with an entertainment-aided device that results in the learning procedure easy. The chartered schools that take initiative for refugee student learn English uses C AI for developing interpersonal communication skills and enhance vocabulary development in them. Luo, B. (2016) Evaluating a computer-assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) technique for efficient classroom instruction, Computer Assisted Language Learning, 29:3, 451-476, DOI: 10.1080/09588221.2014.963123 Type: conceptual and Quantitative study Area of Study: computer-assisted pronunciation training for learning Canadian English Vowel City of Origin: Canada Keywords: Computer-assisted pronunciation Training, High variable phonetic training, L2 Speech perception and production Central theme and importance of the article In this article Journal, 22 Mandarin students are taken into consideration, where they are trained to learn Canadian English vowel. The computer assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) is being used in order to make them learn the vowels effectively with the use of graphical images showing each vowel category. This article mainly emphasises the adult learner, who are intended to learn pronunciation in a second language. CAPT also provide them visual feedback and also phonetic audio learning aided where they repeat the phonetic conversation and can compare their pronunciation with the phonetic audio. The users feel it easy to use as instruction is presented graphically that helps in their readability and learning skills. In this article two major issues regarding CAPT is also discussed - firstly, it does not an effective tool for the interaction between the L1 and L2 category and secondly, it is not efficient to increase the quality and quantity of the learning materials and its proced ure. Tai, S., Chen, H.-J. (2015). A comparative study of the effect of CALL on gifted and non-gifted adolescents English proficiency. In F. Helm, L. Bradley, M. Guarda, S. Thousny (Eds), Critical CALL Proceedings of the 2015 EUROCALL Conference, Padova, Italy (pp. 512-517). Dublin: Research-publishing.net. https://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2015.000385 Type: Quantitative Study Area of Study: Use of CALL for proficient English City of Origin: Taiwan Keywords: Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL), English as a Foreign Language (EFL), General English Proficiency Test (GEPT) Central theme and importance of the article Unlike in every article, in this journal publication, 20 students have been considered who are learning English as a foreign language (EFL). The academic institute used CALL for making them learns about the English proficiency and results in cognitive, metacognitive, and affective developments. Among 20 selected students, six are considered as gifted while the rest of the 14 students are considered as non-gifted on their IQ score. The computer aided device in providing these students learning logs, interview for better communication and regular questionnaire for solving the provided problems through General English Proficiency Test (GEPT). CALL provides abundant resources for students to learn and it is also evident that teachers can use these computer facilities to meet all the requirement of students promote language proficiency. The teacher often uses VoiceTubes where the seventh-grader student can learn English freely and can gain dynamic language learning experiences. References AbuSeileek, A. F., Qatawneh, K. (2013). Effects of synchronous and asynchronous computer-mediated communication (CMC) oral conversations on English language learners' discourse functions.Computers Education,62, 181-190. Beatty, K. (2013).Teaching researching: Computer-assisted language learning. Routledge. Bush, M. D. (2013). Computer-assisted language learning: from vision to reality?.CALICO Journal,25(3), 443-470. Chapelle, C. A. (2016). Second Language Learning Online.The SAGE Handbook of E-learning Research, 2e, 171. Deutschmann, M., Vu, M. T. (2015). computer assisted language learning in language education: an overview of theories, methods, and current practices. Fatemi Jahromi, S. A., Salimi, F. (2013). Exploring the human element of computer-assisted language learning: An Iranian context.Computer Assisted Language Learning,26(2), 158-176. Golonka, E. M., Bowles, A. R., Frank, V. M., Richardson, D. L., Freynik, S. (2014). Technologies for foreign language learning: a review of technology types and their effectiveness.Computer Assisted Language Learning,27(1), 70-105. Hsu, L. (2013). English as a foreign language learners perception of mobile assisted language learning: a cross-national study.Computer Assisted Language Learning,26(3), 197-213. Hubbard, P., Levy, M. (2016). Theory in computer-assisted language learning research and practice.The Routledge Handbook of Language Learning and Technology, 24. Kim, H. Y. (2014). Learning opportunities in synchronous computer-mediated communication and face-to-face interaction.Computer Assisted Language Learning,27(1), 26-43. Levy, M., Stockwell, G. (2013).CALL dimensions: Options and issues in computer-assisted language learning. Routledge. Mutlu, A., Eroz-Tuga, B. (2013). The role of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) in promoting learner autonomy.Eurasian Journal of Educational Research,51, 107-122. Perveen, A. (2016). Synchronous and Asynchronous E-Language Learning: A Case Study of Virtual University of Pakistan.Open Praxis,8(1), 21-39. Sauro, S. (2012). Computerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Mediated Communication and Second Language Development.The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Thomas, M., Reinders, H., Warschauer, M. (2012).Contemporary computer-assisted language learning. AC Black.

Medical Esthetics Essay Example

Medical Esthetics Paper Medical esthetics is an evolving field in the therapeutic and medical sphere. It specializes in the use of advanced cosmetic lasers and other treatments to treat a full spectrum of both cosmetic and medical conditions that range from vascular and pigmented skin imperfections, hair removal, skin rejuvenation, and collagen regeneration, to more physically and emotionally debilitating conditions such as cystic acne and acne scarring, Rosacea removal and scar reduction to name just a few. Medical estheticians adopt holistic approaches in treating their patients’ conditions. They look at the cause of a condition rather than just the symptoms to formulate an effective treatment plan. According to the American Medical Aesthetics (AMA) corporation, this concept is vital in order to deliver exceptional results for which medical esthetics have come to be known, with little or no downtime. The AMA Corporation says further, â€Å"Lasers are unique in their ability to specifically target tissues below the surface of the skin and transfer energy to the root cause. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Esthetics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Esthetics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Esthetics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By understanding each laser’s purpose, we can treat the condition with just enough energy from the right combination of laser frequencies to precisely affect the tissue. We look for what is called the ‘therapeutic threshold,’ which is the exact amount of energy needed to get a desired result – eliminating the downtime that is associated with over treating an area. † Esthetics is a rapidly emerging profession which specializes in skin and body care. There has evolved two types of practice in relation to esthetics. One is cosmetic esthetics and medical esthetics. Though both are concerned with enhancing the beauty of a client’s skin, cosmetic esthetics is limited to using make-up/cosmetic ingredients, their chemistry and use, and some skin care treatments offered in salons. The procedures that cosmetic estheticians perform include the following: organic, European and American facials; waxing and exfoliation; face, hand arm massage; cleansing and toning techniques; enzymes, ampoules, finishing masks; makeup/cosmetic ingredients, their chemistry and use; the basic anatomy and physiology of the skin; skin analysis and special treatments; and use of electrical current and esthetics equipment. While career opportunities for cosmetic estheticians may be any one of the following: Commercial Makeup Artist; Skin Technician; Cosmetic Merchandising; Cosmetics Sales; Cosmetic Buyer; Product Promotion; Skin Care Salon Owner; Teacher of Esthetics; Cruise Ship Esthetician. Medical esthetics, on the other hand, is concerned about the effects of time, lifestyle stressors, and even environmental stresses that can harm the skin. Therefore, maintenance treatments are necessary to prolong and enhance healthier more beautiful skin. The Medical Aestheticians are licensed skin care practitioners who perform the critical function of performing extractions and skin nourishing treatments as well as designing a home care regimen for each patient that assists the patient in remaining engaged in long term care and maintenance. These medical estheticians also perform customized facials so treatment results are better. And with these, patients are handled with TLC or tender love and care. As patients are under the long-term care of medical estheticians, they are able to maximize the results achieved by laser procedures. Medical estheticians are considered specialists who invest heavily in the tools of their trade. They invest in multiple lasers, as well as the most advanced, state-of-the-art lasers for the purpose of treating a wide variety of conditions and skin types. Their approach in treating various skin conditions is holistic, meaning to be a medical esthetician is to be interested in getting to the root cause of a condition to treat it at the source, rather than just treating surface conditions that are often a temporary solution. And for them, education is an ongoing process for the benefit of their patients. They continually educate themselves about the latest modalities in skin care in order to deliver consistent results time and again. The medical estheticians also educate their patients so they may better understand how their treatment interacts with their whole body and thereby help them achieve significant results. The job market for medical estheticians is extensive. Medical estheticians may launch and build a medical esthetics practice by setting up their own clinics, manage a clinic, teach in the field of medical esthetics, become a patient coordinator; go into marketing management, and more. Due to expanded clinical responsibilities in plastic surgeons and dermatologists practices expert esthetic clinicians with broad educational backgrounds and the appropriate credentials are urgently needed and are in great demand. According to the Victoria L. Rayner’s Center for Appearance and Esteem, the critical deficiency in supply of properly trained medical estheticians for health care services is widely recognized as a serious problem by practicing physicians. This is because physicians tend to complain often of the limited competence of inadequately trained personnel. Hence, accredited estheticians that have been properly trained and certified are being sought and hired. Medical estheticians may perform various procedures and some of these are the following: HBOT or Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy; computer complexion analysis; laser facelift; laser surgery procedure for pigmented discoloration of the skin such as color blending and age or sun spot removal; laser procedure for vascular discoloration like defined veins, broken capillaries, cherry angioma, generalized redness and microvasculature, and rosacea. They may also offer laser procedure for deep collagen regeneration and remodeling; laser procedure for â€Å"peel and resurfacing† or accelerated epidermal regeneration; and laser procedure for amber led photo-modulation. Other procedures performed include but are not limited to: pigmented lesion removal; age spot removal; age spot reduction; melasma reduction; cystic acne reduction / removal; spider vein laser removal (varicose vein removal / reduction); epidermal laser peel; dermal collagen remodeling procedures to remove surgical scars, acne scars, and stretch marks; permanent hair removal; dermal rejuvenation to treat wrinkles; Botox treatment; Restylane, an FDA-approved dermal filler; medical spas; and wrinkle reduction. Medical estheticians have more edge when it comes to knowledge and practice of esthetics. They may know what the cosmetic estheticians know and practice plus more. This is because medical estheticians become experts through training in cosmetically camouflaging and normalizing the appearance of disfigured patients aside from being knowledgeable in all aspects of camouflage therapy; they are also well equipped when it comes to dermatologic diagnosis and treatment methods, commonly prescribed medications for skin conditions (topical systemic), including the investigation of OTC medications. Other areas of expertise to medical estheticians which can be of more profit to them are the following: acne management; cellular rejuvenation; allergies and inflammatory disorders commonly seen by dermatologists; eczema and the medical estheticians role in its management; erythema and telangiectasia; positive and negative aspects of facial treatments; age associated skin changes, exploration of the causes of aging and how to minimize its effects; photosensitivity; pre-cancers of the skin; laser therapy; reactions to cosmetics; categorizing standard cosmetic formulations; the difference between drugs and cosmetics; facts about cleansing preparation; exploring micropigmentation; and indications of hormonal dysfunctions.

Is War Nescessary essays

Is War Nescessary essays War, to even think about that makes one shudder with utter fear and disgust. War is a terrible evil under any circumstance. Thinking back to some of the recent wars, such as World War 2, Vietnam, and Yugoslavie and one sits back and envsisons the horrible acts that war causes. One can see the scenes of a battlefield, a field of carnage, after the fight is over, the sights and sounds that meet our eyes in every direction, the horrible mutilations inflicted by landmines or mortar shells, the glazed eyes of the dead, the torn and bleeding, mutilated fragments of human body parts that are strewn about, the piteous wail of the wounded; and when we turn away, shuddering, to shut out this scene from the mind, we may be tempted to ask how humanity can commit such a heinous and evil action at all. War unfortunaltey is one of the humankinds way of dealing with conflicts. The use of force, agression and death to threaten other nations, or ones own nation is the only way humans have ever been able to deal with problems in our society. We have not found any other alternatives to deal with these types of situations. Sometimes war has defiantley been nescesarry. One of those reasons would be to come to the defense of the innocent such as the Jewish Population in World War 2, who were slaughtered in the millions by hitler. War does have some positives. For example a warring nation that is winning will usually bring about an economic upturn if the economy is failing (like coming out of the Great Depression when WWII started) It is when inventors and inventions make great strides in the technologial and scientific fields are made (see the atom bomb, the jet engine, radar, even the computer) So as you can see War takes a huge toll on human tradgedy, but society as a whole usually benefits from wars in the long run. My personal belief is that War is not nescessary. Who knows how many great inventions we have lost, because that person was drafted t...

SAT promt essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SAT promt - Essay Example Mother Teresa was an ethnic Albanian, Catholic nun who arrived in India in 1931. Seeing all the poverty, pain and disease around her, she really doubted whether she will be able to make a difference in the life of the suffering humanity that surrounded her. She had no funds at her disposal and no material means to support her plans. To get over this problem, this brave Catholic nun devised a strategy. She decided to focus on the immediate person suffering before her, without getting disheartened by the big picture comprising of millions of suffering people. Hence, her mission which started with serving a single old man dying of leprosy in a gutter, gradually evolved into a big charity and this Catholic nun was able to bring happiness and peace to the life of millions of people. Especially in India, people harbor such respect for Mother Teresa that they fondly remember her as the Saint of the Gutters. The life of Mother Teresa not only teaches the value of being sincere and dedicated in the accomplishment of small things, but also stands as a beacon that warns the people who want to bring about a change in the world, to never get frustrated by admitting that they are too small to serve any pragmatic purpose. Most of the worthy endeavors mostly begin with a small act or gesture of kindness, courage or compassion. Nature has its own unique way of supporting the efforts of good people who intend to achieve a big goal by starting with small things. The overall impact of these small things when accumulated over time gives way to a surge of change that is too strong and too big to be restrained by obstacles, scarcities and resistance. It is quite possible that one would never have had a Mother Teresa in this world, if a frail Catholic nun in Calcutta would have got dismayed by the big size of suffering around her and would have given up on the very first old man that needed her help an d

HU-Midterm Composition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HU-Midterm Composition - Assignment Example Therefore, the work portrays the events in the ancient Egypt. It is claimed that the British archaeologist, once J. E. Quibell, place this art in this location during his 1897/98 excavation season. Alongside his colleagues, they deposited stemming artifacts that would later be recorded in the history of the ancient Egypt. These artifacts contained fragments of the ceremonial head of Narmer alongside other mace head fragments with some other inscribed with the Horus ‘Scorpion the name that was traced to be the name of one of the Narmer’s predecessors. Regardless of these findings and records of the Palette of Narmer, there are still doubts that the exact finding circumstances related this palette are not exact; thus, it appears that a lot of contradicting publications have been published concerning Quibell’s work at Hierakonpolis. Nonetheless, the general military symbolism relating to the palette is still clear and acceptable (Stokstad and Cothren 26). The palette of Narmer describes the kingdom of the ancient Egypt while the Stele of Naram Sin presents the northern Mesopotamia kingdom that existed in 2332 BCE pictorially. It is apparent that these two pieces of art were used to describe the historical events of this time. In the 2334 BCE, there were loosely linked sites known as the Sumer. Sargon of Akkad became the great king who emerged to control these cities. Later, Naram Sin the grandson of Sargon initiated victory stele at Sippar in order to commemorate his Lullubi’s victory (Stokstad and Cothren 36). It is under these circumstances that the Stele of Naram Sin art created to signify his divinity. Therefore, it is clear these two pieces of art were related to actions of the ancient Kings. At some levels of understanding, it is apparent that the Stele of Naram Sin and the palette of king Narmer present a striking parallelism. Nonetheless, both of them are designed to commemorate

Strength And Conditioning Programme Physical Education Essay

Strength And Conditioning Programme Physical Education Essay Strength and Conditioning is the combination of resistance training and endurance conditioning that is used by athletes and sports teams to improve and assist their performance (Driskell, 1999). Sport specific fitness can include a structured progressive program that could comprise of power, muscular endurance, strength, speed, aerobic or anaerobic conditioning (Steindler, 1955). It has been shown that strength and conditioning programs increase sports performance, producing better athletic results and reducing the incidence of injury (Burrows, 2007). Strength and conditioning programs are suitable for athletes performing at recreational levels, elite levels, sports teams or anyone else looking to ascertain new training methods that might raise their performance capabilities (Baechle Earle, 2000). The aim of this assignment is to undertake a needs analysis for a chosen sport and position and to design and outline a six week training programme suitable for the individual athlete. The assignment will consider periodization as well as an analysis of the macrocycle, mesocycle and microcycle sections of a training programme. The sport and position that will be discussed within this report is football and a central defender. Football is a demanding sports in terms of the effort the players need to put into the game. Football training and conditioning is essential. Players can cover around 8-12km during a match of which 24% is covered by walking, 36% covered by jogging, 20% coursing, 11% sprinting, 7% moving backwards and 2% moving whilst in possession of the ball (Reilly, 1996). Central defenders need a wide range of attributes, which include height, Strength, balance and a good mentality. Saif (2002) claimed that a defender needs to have good concentration during games and also require skill attributes such as tackling and heading. Football players need to have excellent endurance. They require a VO2max that has been reported to range between 55 and 70 ml/kg/min in elite performers (Bangsbo, 1991). The game is played approximately 80-90% of maximum heart rate (Helgerud et al, 2001). The greater a players aerobic capacity, the greater the distance they would cover during a typical game (Reilly Thomas, 1976). Many factors need to be considered to plan and implement a successful training programme. These factors include periodization, macrocycle, mesocycle and microcycle along with other essential phases. These are all factors that need to be taken into account in order for a successful training programme. Periodization is a planned execution of particular training phases (Bompa Haff, 1996). The training during the periodization phase is based on increasing and decreasing the volume of repetitions, time and amount of sets. In addition an increase and decrease in intensity. These measures are implemented when planning a structured training program. An important characteristic of periodization training is the scheduling of a recovery period. The principal attributes of periodization include creativity, tactical preparation and utilization of the recovery (Bompa, 2005). Examples of periodization programmes include, Stepwise where training includes high volume with low intensity and progresses to low volume and high intensity. In addition, Undulating periodization is used. This is where volume and intensity of training are changed throughout the course of a short period of time. Periodization is the most effective form of training when aiming to improve on muscle strength, motor performance and body composition. The macrocycle can be defined by four different components. These components include the number of competitions, dates of competitions, the recovery period between competitions and the preparation period before competition. (Dick, 2002) The microcycle is the smallest part of the overall program as it accounts for only one week of the training. The mesocycle is the part of the year that the athlete is in, for example mesocycle 1 will be the pre-season phase. The macrocycle is the overall program based over a year (Dick, 2002). The Anatomical Adaptation is established at the start of the season or immediately after the transition phase. It is introduced before the season starts as it adapts the body for future strength programs. The aim of this stage is to involve all of the muscle groups which prepare muscle, ligaments, and tendons and joins in preparation for training. These strength programs should look to include all parts of the body such as arms and legs but also for the core area, which includes the lower back, abdomen and spinal column musculature. The muscle areas present support for the arms and legs, to help absorb any shock during exercises that require landing or falling. This period is essential because it generates objective growth of the muscles. Maximum strength phase sets to develop the highest force possible. The training requires the athlete to train at 85-100 percent of 1RM. Many sports require power, muscular endurance or a mixture of both. This phase will last between 1 and 3 months depending on the athletes needs (Bompa, 2005) The conversion phase transforms the maximum strength that has been developed ready to use during competitive. This conversion occurs when specific training is performed. Throughout this phase an assured level of maximum strength must be acquired otherwise power will deteriorate. Weight training is the most appropriate method of doing this. The duration of this period depends on the ability being converted. The customary period is between 4 and 5 weeks. Conversion to muscular endurance is 6-8 weeks due to anatomical changes that take longer to transform (Bompa, 2005). The competition phase consists of work carried out during pre-season and must be maintained to reduce the probability of detraining. If an athlete does not maintain their pre season training then muscle fibres can decrease, power is lost as there is a decrease in motor recruitment and speed which can result in a decrease of power. These decreases can result in poor performance during the season. A transition period is commonly known as the off-season. The aim of this phase is to remove any fatigue a player has developed. It is a method of replenishing the energy systems by decreasing the volume of exercise. This can also be an effective way of reducing the psychological stresses that the player could experience during training and competition. This relaxation period can allow the player to loosen up and rest. Although this period has benefits it should last no longer than 4-6 weeks as there would be great deterioration of the players training. (Bompa, 2005). Training programmes can be developed to aid the development of the player.The goal set to achieve in the training program is to try to improve performance levels. This includes fitness and skill levels. To find the improvements of a player the measurements will be recorded through fitness testing as a marker to distinguish if certain component skills are improving or not (Fleck and Kraemer, 2004). When planning a training programme for a particular sport, Specificity must be considered. This associates to how much difference there is between training and performance. This is very important, as training inappropriately could ultimately have a negative effect on performance. Performance levels are measured through fitness testing. The levels will be assessed prior to the training program and after the training program to see if, there has been any improvement. Alternatively, the program may show signs of a decrease in skill levels because the training program did not work and therefore changes will need to take place to solve the problems immediately (Brooks, 2004). When designing a strength and conditioning program the experience of the player must be taken into account. This is because it would be easier to improve a player at a lower level such as amateur league or Sunday league than a player who is at professional level (Reynolds, 1982). This is because; to improve a professional player other factors must be taken into account such as the attitude of the payer. If the players attitude to improve is good then it will become easier to improve than if the player has a bad attitude towards it however this could also be a factor for amateur players (Magnusen and Rhea, 2009). Strength and conditioning programs must take into account the time of year such as if it is Pre season or in season etc. Moody (2007) suggests The 4 Phases of a football strength training program which includes, off-season, Off-Season/Early Pre-Season, Late Pre-Season and In-season. During the off season players should look to build functional strength. Football like any sport, places a lot of demand on the body. Most players kick the ball with a predominat foot and using the same motor patterns, some muscles develop more than others. Some joints are also experience more stress than others. The goals of this phase are to prepare the joints, muscles, ligaments and tendons for more intense work in subsequent phases. With a good foundation to build on after phase one the player is prepared to move into phase 2 which is the off-Season/early pre-season period where they set to build maximal strength. The goal of this phase is to develop the highest force possible. Since power is our overall outcome, it makes sense to develop strength first and then convert it into football specific power. The aim is to complete this phase before the start of the season. That way the latter stages of pre-season training can focus on power and strength endurance training. Phase three is the late pre-season muscular power and strength endurance. In this phase of football strength training, goal is to convert your strength gains into soccer-specific power and muscular endurance. Football is one of the few sports demands roughly equal amounts of explosive force and strength endurance. Plyometric training and/or circuit training should replace sessions in the weight room for this phase. It will last roughly 4-6 weeks depending on your schedule. Phase four is the in-season maintenance which aims to maintain the gains youve made during a strenuous pre-season period without over reaching or over training. This is not one big, continuous phase in your soccer strength training routine. Because the competitive season can last up to 9 months, it should be split up so the strength routine is in smaller cycles. Periodization of a player to perform maximally at competition level is crucial at times. For example, if the England team try to get maximum performance out of a midfielder for a world cup in four years time, they should make use of a young midfielder of 22, who would then be more of a mature player at 26 when the world cup begins. This Periodization is a long-term assessment; but for the amateur player a short-term assessment will be made (Bompa and Carrera, 2005) The program will focus on training pre-season for the player so that the player is prepared for the new season in our training program. In addition, the competitive status of which the player will be training for is the amateur league so it will be competitive for the player and with in reason. The strength of the player will need to be improved through free weights, as in a game situation the player will not be supported by any machines. Muscle groups that are a key in the sport are lower body muscles such as the quadriceps and hamstrings. The movements that will be involved with this are a squat position to strengthen quadriceps, hamstrings and calves. This may need to be done through maximum power. Tackles that the player makes needs to be explosive although the athlete also needs to be able to do this through out the 90 minutes. Upper strength also needs to be maintained to be able to keep balance and be strong enough to jostle for the ball and gain possession. Another key skill component that will be needed is maintaining cardiovascular endurance. This is maintained by running on a regular basis in an environment, which the player would be performing. This is so that the player is aware of the environment and surroundings. Although working in a regular environment can help with the development of the player, the use of treadmills can also be efficient. Kravitz et al (1996) has shown that heart rate levels are higher with the use of treadmills than is an athlete uses a cycle. These findings suggest that the player would work harder when using a treadmill than training outdoors. To assess an athletes performance fitness tests can be introduced to identify strengths and weaknesses. When tests are complete, the player can then assess what skill components they need to improve on and what needs to be maintained. It is important to decide the most suitable fitness test, which can be used to measure these skill components. After the tests are identified data can be collected so that analysis can be made to see where the weaknesses and strength are obtained. After this analysis decisions can be made as to what exercises are needed to create the training programme. Before any training can proceed, a medical of the player must be undertaken. This is to make sure they have no illnesses that can harm them during their training (Waehner, 2010) The facilities in which the player or a team may train in can vary a persons ability to train. For example, if a player is training their football skills in the rain on outdoor grass, then it can become very difficult to train indoors as the difference in the environment can affect their ability. Although training outdoors in the rain can be off putting. However it can also be an advantage because it replicates playing in a competitive game where the weather conditions vary. When assessing the individuals performance we need to fitness test them, so by doing this we are going to assess their cardiovascular system. This can be done by the 12-minute cooper test, which is a field test, which measures how far a person can travel in 12 minutes. This will be done prior to the training program and 6 weeks after the programme to see if there are any improvements within 6 weeks. This will be the same with all the fitness tests that are included to measure the skill components. Next thing we need to asses is muscular power. We can do this by fitness testing one repetition max test. There are a number of exercises we could use to test this fitness component such as handgrip dynamometer and maximum bench press. The exercise we will be using for this is a squat as it improves lower body for tackling and needs explosive power when in a need for short bursts in a game situation. Before a training programme can be created, the following training principles should be used. The principle is abbreviated to S.P.O.R.T which stands for, Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility and Tedious as a way of guiding my training program. Specificity is the principle of training that states that sports training should be relevant and appropriate to the sport for which the individual is training in order to produce a training effect (Triplett, 2006) The athlete is going to be training over a 6-week period prior to the new football season. It is important to emphasise the cardiovascular system whilst maintaining key component skill factors. Trying to improve Muscular Power is also a key factor so that the player can sharpen up and be more explosive ready for the new season. The Principle of Progression implies that there is an optimal level of overload that should be achieved, and an optimal period for this overload to occur (Shepard, 2009). For the athlete to progress when training cardiovascular endurance, he will start off at a level that he is comfortable with and is able to perform such as running for a 10-minute period. For the progression, the athlete can add on 30 seconds each time he runs. Therefore, the next time this athlete runs it will be 10 minutes and 30 seconds, then 11 minutes and so on. To progress when performing muscular power exercises the athlete could add on an extra 2.5kg every session. This is because if the athlete added to much extra weight they could become injured so progress made should be slower. This should only be prepared if and when the athlete feels, it is possible. If the athlete struggles with the weight, it is highly unlikely that the player will be able to lift anything heavier. The principle of overload states that a greater than normal stress or load on the body is required for training adaptation to take place (Kavanaugh, 2007). To make sure that the athlete does not over load on his training programme we will be organising a programme that includes three training sessions a week for a 6-week period. This can reduce the risk of the player becoming fatigued and unable to train. The Reversibility Principle dictates that athletes lose the effects of training when they stop working out. Conversely, it also means that detraining effects can be reversed when they resume training (Powers et al, 2006). When a player has started to progress their skill levels, they could become injured. If injury occurs, reversibility is a big factor that can affect progress. If the player trains three times during a week and sticks to the training program then this should not be a problem. It is much harder to get back into the fitness levels that you once were if reversibility sets in. This is in particular a big vulnerability when working with cardiovascular endurance. Tedium commonly occurs in those who regularly perform monotonous exercise routines. Unlike fatigue, boredom leads to a lack of desire to exercise, rather than an inability to exercise. Boredom is one of the main reasons why people stop exercising and drop out of sport. It can be avoided if the type and location of exercise is varied, if achievable but challenging targets are set, and if exercise is made more fun (Baechle and Earle, 2000). Boredom sets in when the training program becomes the same every week and there are no goals or challenges for the player to try to achieve. If a training program becomes to boring for a player they may become jaded and therefore it will be very difficult for them to stick to the training program and be motivated for future sessions. When designing a training program it is important to make sure that the coach assesses the situation of the athlete and starts the program at the level the athlete has reached. For example, if an athlete is at a low level of training then the coach must start the program with easier ability exercises. The emphasis on the first week of the program is to get the athlete ready and motivated to become active. To achieve this, the program will include high intensity training to get the athlete ready and prepared for the new season and the program will start with Cardiovascular Endurance Training. The skill of the player will also need to be tested and this can be performed by the 12 minutes cooper run and finding out how far the player can run over a 12-minute period. The results are assessed after the test to create a suitable starting time for this player. The player will start running at 10 minutes. This will then be done 3 times in the first week whilst adding 30 seconds on each time. In addition, muscular power will also be assessed. To perform this test the player will use weight training and perform squats. Adams et al (1992) found that squats exercises enhance power production, which is why we are using squats as the main exercise in producing muscular power. The player will start off at a weight he can lift and add on 2.5k each time. This will overload the progression of muscular power. Low weights with high repetition would increase muscular endurance and high weights with low repetition would increase muscular strength, so we need to try to avoid this and balance the weight distribution evenly to try to increase muscular power. Firstly we need to fitness test his ability and by doing this we will do a maximum repetition max test on how many this player can squat. One set of ten squats at a high intensity, which would be a high weight so that muscular power can be strengthened. The following weeks are set for a progression from week one and to maintain football skills and team work the players must attend club training sessions which is held once a week for an hour and a half. When the player reaches the final week of the programme, he should feel fit and ready to perform at a high level. His skill levels should be higher as well as his attitude and motivation, this then acts as an indicator to show he is ready to compete in a competitive game situation for the new season ahead. The final cardiovascular training session should consist of a 12 minute cooper run again to find out if the player has improved or not. My prediction would be that the player would run further this time than he did the first time he ran the 12-minute cooper run, if the results show an improvement then the training program has been efficient. The Athlete should also repeat a muscular endurance test. The one repetition max test should be carried out during the last session to see if the player has improved. In conclusion, Strength and conditioning programmes can be very useful to the progression of an athlete. Whilst other methods of training have been found useful, a well-designed programme has been shown to improve an athletes ability greatly (Burrows, 2007). This could be because the athlete knows exactly what is needed from them and exactly when the effort is needed. The structured plan can give a big confidence boost for the athlete therefore, they will be eager to test their ability with the addition of a test to improve their ability for the season ahead. With the programme set up the athletes and coaches, can set targets and the athlete can then work within the programme to reach the goals. With a well-organised and constructive programme, improvements should be found. When improvements are not found, this indicates that the programme was not successful therefore; a revised programme must be made to aid the athlete. I feel that there would be great improvements in the athletes ability because the programme sets out to achieve goals that were set and was specific to what the athlete needed to work on. No ineffective training was performed leaving the athlete training only what was needed to play at a higher level of football that before the programme.

Wheelchair Experiement

The Wheelchair Experiment Why do people feel that it is acceptable to judge others? Why is it so difficult to lend a helping hand? During my brief time in a wheelchair, I discovered that hate and judgment towards individuals with disabilities still exists. For this project, I visited a local Target location and used a motorized wheelchair to navigate around the store. Through my time in a wheelchair, I discovered how difficult life could be if I were dependent on a wheelchair. As an able bodied adult, I did not like being immobile.My new found immobility left me feeling judged and alone in the world. At the age of twenty-four years old, I have never felt more judgment in my entire life than I did while I was in Target. I got many glances from children, and some adults glared at me as though it was my fault that I was in a wheelchair. I completely understood the daily challenges that go along with being disabled. Simple tasks like going to the restroom, trying on clothes, and reaching the top shelf for items became stressful and tiring.These tasks were made even more difficult when able bodied adults were not willing to assist me. Within the first thirty minutes, I had attempted to use the restroom and the fitting rooms. These were probably the most difficult tasks I attempted. While trying to get into the restroom, I noticed an employee laughing at me. Once he realized that I noticed him, he immediately stopped. Because the employee made me feel ridiculed, I left the area and did not go back. Shortly after the restroom incident, I attempted to use one of the fitting rooms.While attempting to use the fitting room, I noticed that the employee at the counter was not very helpful. She was not willing to remove carts that were obstructing the pathway. The fitting rooms clearly have handicap access, but because of the employee’s unwillingness to assist me I was unable to take advantage of these facilities. The situation left me feeling so uncomfortable, that I gave her the clothes in my cart and went to another part of the store to continue my shopping. During my final thirty minutes in the store, I noticed a couple that kept howing up on the same aisles as me. The couple consisted of a man and a woman who was using crutches to maneuver around the store. Because the woman was on crutches, I assumed that they would be understanding and helpful to someone else who also had a handicap. I noticed that the man willingly assisted the woman whenever she needed help, but he would photograph me struggling to reach an item on the top shelf. His actions left me feeling confused, helpless, and embarrassed about being in a wheelchair.As my journey through Target was coming to a close, I had lost hope that genuinely nice people still existed, until two employees proved me wrong. As I approached the register and checked out, the cashier assisted me by removing the items from my cart. After I checked out and paid, she graciously placed the purchased ite ms back into my cart. Immediately after I checked out, a security guard approached me and asked if I needed any assistance. The security guard walked me to my car and helped load my purchases into my car.Before this experiment, I did not recognize how mean and heartless individuals could be to someone with a disability or handicap. This experiment has taught me to always help others. Regardless of how someone physically appears, everyone is the same on the inside. Everyone has a heart and emotions, and both can easily be destroyed by another’s inconsiderate actions. Because of what I have learned through this assignment, I will always try to lend a helping hand to those in need. Wheelchair Experiement The Wheelchair Experiment Why do people feel that it is acceptable to judge others? Why is it so difficult to lend a helping hand? During my brief time in a wheelchair, I discovered that hate and judgment towards individuals with disabilities still exists. For this project, I visited a local Target location and used a motorized wheelchair to navigate around the store. Through my time in a wheelchair, I discovered how difficult life could be if I were dependent on a wheelchair. As an able bodied adult, I did not like being immobile.My new found immobility left me feeling judged and alone in the world. At the age of twenty-four years old, I have never felt more judgment in my entire life than I did while I was in Target. I got many glances from children, and some adults glared at me as though it was my fault that I was in a wheelchair. I completely understood the daily challenges that go along with being disabled. Simple tasks like going to the restroom, trying on clothes, and reaching the top shelf for items became stressful and tiring.These tasks were made even more difficult when able bodied adults were not willing to assist me. Within the first thirty minutes, I had attempted to use the restroom and the fitting rooms. These were probably the most difficult tasks I attempted. While trying to get into the restroom, I noticed an employee laughing at me. Once he realized that I noticed him, he immediately stopped. Because the employee made me feel ridiculed, I left the area and did not go back. Shortly after the restroom incident, I attempted to use one of the fitting rooms.While attempting to use the fitting room, I noticed that the employee at the counter was not very helpful. She was not willing to remove carts that were obstructing the pathway. The fitting rooms clearly have handicap access, but because of the employee’s unwillingness to assist me I was unable to take advantage of these facilities. The situation left me feeling so uncomfortable, that I gave her the clothes in my cart and went to another part of the store to continue my shopping. During my final thirty minutes in the store, I noticed a couple that kept howing up on the same aisles as me. The couple consisted of a man and a woman who was using crutches to maneuver around the store. Because the woman was on crutches, I assumed that they would be understanding and helpful to someone else who also had a handicap. I noticed that the man willingly assisted the woman whenever she needed help, but he would photograph me struggling to reach an item on the top shelf. His actions left me feeling confused, helpless, and embarrassed about being in a wheelchair.As my journey through Target was coming to a close, I had lost hope that genuinely nice people still existed, until two employees proved me wrong. As I approached the register and checked out, the cashier assisted me by removing the items from my cart. After I checked out and paid, she graciously placed the purchased ite ms back into my cart. Immediately after I checked out, a security guard approached me and asked if I needed any assistance. The security guard walked me to my car and helped load my purchases into my car.Before this experiment, I did not recognize how mean and heartless individuals could be to someone with a disability or handicap. This experiment has taught me to always help others. Regardless of how someone physically appears, everyone is the same on the inside. Everyone has a heart and emotions, and both can easily be destroyed by another’s inconsiderate actions. Because of what I have learned through this assignment, I will always try to lend a helping hand to those in need.

Us History Chapter 4 Notes.

Chapter Four. African Slaves Build their Own Community in Coastal Georgia Slavery was originally prohibited in the original 1732 Georgia charter; the ban was lifted two decades later when Georgia became a Royal colony. By 1770, 15,000 slaves made up 80% of the population. Rice was one of the most valuable commodities of mainland North America, surpassed only by tobacco and wheat. The Atlantic slave trade grew to match rice production. Saltwater† slaves (slaves taken from Africa, rather than â€Å"country born†) were inspected and branded on coastal forts in Africa, shipped overseas (where many died), then sold and marched to plantations Mortality rates were high for slaves, especially infants. Overseers could legally punish slaves and even murder them. Many slaves run and some rebel. Most slaves remained enslaved, but built up families and communities, mixing African traditions with their new homeland. The Beginnings of African Slavery Slavery has long been a part of Mediterranean Europe; Venetian and Genoese traders sold captured Slavics (the word slave derives from them), Muslims, and Africans. Enslaving Christians, but not Africans or Muslims, disturbed many Europeans. Portuguese expansion in West Africa was motivated by access to gold, wrought iron, ivory, tortoiseshells, textiles, and slaves (previously dominated by the Moors, or Spanish Muslims). European slaves left the slave hunting to the African traders. Sugar and Slavery Slaves were imported to work sugar plantations in Hispaniola and Brazil, among other islands. The Dutch expanded the European sugar market, leading France and England to start island sugar colonies as well. West Africans Marriage kinship ties, practicing polygamy, characterized societies on the West African coast. Women enjoyed social and economic independence. Shifting cultivation, cultivating land for several years then moving on while the cleared land lay fallow, helped build up African communities and commerce, creating states and kingdoms. Kingdoms on the coast were the ones who first traded with the Portuguese. Slavery in African society was much freer; slaves were treated as family members rather than possessions, were allowed to marry, and had freeborn children. The African Slave Trade The Demography of the Slave Trade 10-12 million slaves were transported to the Americas during the slave trade. 76% of slaves arrived from 1701-1810, the peak years of the slave trade. Half went to Dutch, French, or British plantations in the Caribbean, a third to Portuguese Brazil, and a tenth to Spanish America. About 5% went to the North American British colonies. With the exception of the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763, a world war between the French and their allies versus the British and their allies), the slave trade continued to become more important to the colonies up to the Revolution. There were twice as many male African slaves as female; most slaves were young, between 15 and 30, and represented nearly every West African ethnic group. Slavers of All Nations All western European nations participated in the slave trade, shipping slaves from coastal outposts and, later, through independent American and European traders. The Shock of Enslavement Many slave traders lived permanently in coastal outposts and married local women, reinforcing commercial ties through family relations. Many slaves resented African involvement in the slave trade. Most Africans were enslaved through warfare. As the demand for slaves increased, slave raids pressed deeper into the continent. Captives would wait in dungeons or pens called â€Å"barracoons†, separated from family and people of the same ethnic group to discourage rebellion, before being branded with the mark of their buyer. The Middle Passage The â€Å"Middle Passage† referred to the middle part of the trade triangle from England to Africa to America back to England. Historians estimate that 1 in 6 slaves died from the unsanitary conditions, extreme crowding, and diseases. Many committed suicide as an act of rebellion on the slave ships. Captains resorted to putting netting over the side of their ships. Arrival in the New World When the slaves arrived, their captors would parade them around to impress buyers. Slaves would be sold at auctions or during a â€Å"scramble†, where prices were pre-set and the buyers would rush the slaves in a corral and take their pick. Political and Economic Effects on Africa The African slave trade eventually weakened Africa as a whole. The slave raiding was depopulating Africa as many died during the raids and the rest were sent off to be sold. The arrival of European goods stifled local manufacturing while agriculture lost labor. The slave trade allowed for the political, economic, and military conquest of Africa. The Development of North American Slave Societies Slavery comes to North America The first slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619. Slaves cost twice as much as indentured servants, but had about the same life span in the disease-ridden Chesapeake. Consequently, most planters employed more indentured servants than slaves. This was termed society with slaves, where slavery was just one form of labor. In this type of society, the status of black Virginians was ambiguous; many owned slaves and land themselves, even with the lack of religious distinction among them. In slave society, slavery is the dominant form of labor. As indentured servants became scarce as less English immigrated, their labor was replaced with slavery. Slavery was strengthened by making slave-status inheritable through their mother’s status (letting white male owners take slave mistresses), ending Christian baptism from changing conditions of servitude, and by making the killing of a slave a non-felony. The Tobacco Colonies The growth of tobacco required the growth of the slave trade. The natural growth of the slaver population served to increase the profits of their owners, and so was encouraged. The Lower South Settlement in the south was a slave society from the outset, using native slaves. However, this soon shifted to African slaves as the South began producing more rice. Slavery in the Spanish Colonies Spanish settlements employed slaves, the most benign form being the kind in Florida, which resembled the system in use in Mediterranean and African society. Spain declared Florida a haven for fugitives to weaken southern English colonies. In New Mexico, however, Spain used native slaves, though in a more restrained way to prevent another Pueblo Uprising. Spain captured â€Å"infidel Indians† such as the Apaches or nomads from the Great Plains and enslaved them, using them as house servants or fieldworkers. French Louisiana Slaves were heavily used in Louisiana agriculture until the Natchez Rebellion, with slaves making up no more than a third of the population. Only when the 18th century ended did slavery make a return, in force. Slavery in the North Slavery was universally accepted in the colonies. Among the rich, ownership of slaves was almost universal as well. The Quakers were the first to oppose slavery, but they would not gain traction until the Revolution. African to African American The Daily Life of Slaves Slaves were provided with scant clothing. In the South, where large numbers of slaves were needed, the concentration of slaves allowed for the emergence of communities, despite the harsh working conditions imposed on them on the large plantations. Families and Communities Families were the most important unit in African American culture, but the slave codes did not allow for legal slave marriage. Families were often broken up by sale. Naming practices reinforced family ties to overcome forced separations. Emotional, and especially kinship ties, formed the basis of African American society. African American Culture Most slaves were not Christian until the Great Awakening, due to the reluctance of their masters. One significant practice occurred in their burial rituals. African Americans created dialects by mixing English with native African languases. The Africanization of the South Southerners were influenced by African American culture, changing their diet, their art, language, music, and dance. Violence and Resistance Slavery rested on the threat of violence, even among â€Å"humane† slave owners like George Washington. Many slaves resisted through refusing to cooperate, destroying property, and by running away. Runaways would create communities called â€Å"maroons†, from the Spanish â€Å"cimmaron† (wild, untamed). They would intermingle with the Florida Creeks, creating the Seminole tribe, derived from the corruption of cimmaron. Revolts occurred in the colonies, but not on the scale of Jamaica, Guiana, or Brazil; the family and community ties slaves established made them less likely to revolt. Slavery and Empire Slavery the Mainspring The slave colonies accounted for 95% of all American exports to Great Britain from 1714-1773. Slavery helped the British economy in three ways. Slavery created capital, which funded economic expansion. Second, it created the raw materials necessary for the Industrial Revolution. Third, it created large colonial markets for British-made goods. The Politics of Mainspring Mercantilism, an economic system where the government intervenes to increase the national wealth, was the dominant economic theory in Europe. Mercantilists viewed commerce as a zero-sum game with clear winners and losers vying for a fixed amount of trade and wealth. Wars for Empire European wars spilled over into conflicts for colonial supremacy. In Queen Anne’s War, Great Britain won the war against France and Spain, gaining exclusive rights to supply slaves to its American colonies. British Colonial Regulation Mercantilists used state-run monopolies to manage commerce. The British used colonial regulations to make their American colonies markets for British manufacturing goods and exporters of commodities that the British would resell at profit. Most did not complain about the British economic policies until the 1760s. The Colonial Economy Mercantilism served to enrich the white colonists by giving them a protected market to sell and market their goods (sometimes by violating their own regulations). Slavery provided the capital to expand Northern port cities. Slavery and Freedom The Social Structure of the Slave Colonies Slavery provided the conditions necessary t o improve the life of the white settlers. Colonies were ruled by the self-perpetuating planter elite, which owned 60% of the wealth and half the land. The Southern landowners supported them. Under them were the landless colonists. White Skin Privilege White colonists gained a special status through the exploitation of race. Blacks were subject to a number of harsh penalties that did not apply to whites, including a ban on interracial marriage and sexual relations (refer to Thomas Jefferson). Even freedmen did not share equal rights. This set up barriers among the working class, including slaves and the landless colonists, who otherwise may have united against the moneyed classes if not for racial prejudice.