Automatic Flight Control Systems Engineering Essay

Programmed Flight Control Systems Engineering Essay We experience a daily reality such that innovation is, if not being improved, created constantly. Ordinary new upgrades, developments and revelations are made. One industry that is consistently on the lead with regards to new developments and advancements is the Aviation Industry. Throughout the years, airplanes have been confronting significant enhancements for the structure, eco-friendliness, life-length, scope of flight. Yet, perhaps the best improvement that have been done on each airplane (business) that had the greatest effect in the Aviation Industry and most presumably the primary motivation behind why the business has been blasting up is the upgrades done in the Avionics segment, explicitly the Automatic Flight Controls. Before all else, Pilots were prepared to fly the airplanes alone. Yet, following quite a while, it is currently the pilots programming the PC, disclosing to it where to fly, at what elevation, and so on. This PC is the AFCS (Automatic Flight Control System). In today’s present day universe of flying, it is the AFCS who is in fact flying the airplane, from cruising to landing, and for some until stopping. The AFCS has a great deal of points of interest when contrasted with human pilots with regards to flying. Here are some of them: The AFCS can conquer insufficiencies with regards to solidness and control. The AFCS improved the taking care of characteristics. For example, when the velocity or the elevation of the airplane should be consistent. The AFCS is increasingly exact and thus can do a few errands that the pilot can't do. * Source: Emirates Aviation College’s Automatic Flight Control Systems Book (Chapter 3.1.3) To show signs of improvement comprehension of the AFCS, its various pieces will be talked about, for example, the Autopilot System, Flight Director System, Auto Throttle System and so on. The data about the AFCS will be founded on one of Boeing’s great airplanes, the 737-500. FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ( FMS) The Flight Management System is route, consolidated flight control, a Built-In Test Equipment (BITE) and a direction framework. The FMS gives control and activity of five free subsystems to give sidelong route (LNAV) and vertical route (VNAV) for execution the board and ideal flight profiles. The Flight Management System isn't named to any control board or any single segment as it is a mix of five autonomous subsystems. These subsystems are: Digital Flight Control System (DFCS) Inertial Reference System (IRS) Autothrottle Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) Flight Management Computer System (FMCS) * Source: United Airlines’ Boeing 737-322/522 (page 6, Chapter 22-2, Oct ’99) from Emirates Aviation College Library This framework was intended to expand eco-friendliness, security and diminishing outstanding burden. For the two pilots, this implies they can choose full FMS activity or Autopilot Flight Director System (AFDS) for a total programmed flight. They ca n even utilize the Control Display Units (CDU) to give, for manual flight, reference data. The board and activity is absolutely heavily influenced by the flight team. There are just sure tasks that must be actualized by the flight group. They are: landing rollout directing, push inversion, speed brake activity, height choice, landing rigging and fold activity, instrument landing framework (ILS) tuning, push inception, brake discharge, plane turn and controlling during departure roll.

Dialing Our Death A Critical Response to Stephen King’s Cell Free Essays

While Stephen King’s Cell may be about zombies, the 2006 novel is likewise a cunning editorial on America’s dependence on innovation. King’s arrangement is that, on the evening of October 1, an unusual â€Å"pulse† is communicated across American phone systems. The beat, when heard by individuals on their cells, promptly renders PDA clients into deadly, zombie-like animals. We will compose a custom paper test on Dialing Our Death: A Critical Response to Stephen King’s Cell or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now These individuals, known as â€Å"Phoners,† are not, at this point human. The couple of individuals unaffected by the beat, got back to â€Å"Normies,† endeavor to battle for endurance. Ruler implies intensely that our reliance upon innovation will be our demise. The focal characters’ battle to endure runs optional to King’s technophobic message. The plot is successfully more significant than the story it underpins. The vast majority of the consideration is paid to the beat itself. The rampaging zombies are given motivation to exist: their cerebrums have been truly â€Å"scrambled like a skillet of eggs† (43). Their brutal and shocking activities are representative of what King feels our reality is turning out to be. Regardless of whether King’s doesn’t think utilizing mobile phones and visiting sites will prompt end times or frenzies, maybe he is (in any event) recommending that we are getting similarly as thoughtless. At the point when the beat strikes, the â€Å"Phoners† were associated by means of system. Everybody influenced has been connected together. The risk, King proposes, is that our contracting world isn't really something to be thankful for. To King, PDAs and the Internet have stopped to be methods of transmitting data. Sharing data is less significant than trading recordings and tunes with companions now, or having discussions while strolling through a recreation center. Individuals seem as though they are conversing with themselves. Ruler feels that innovation has left us defenseless. We probably won't be powerless against a zombie-making â€Å"pulse,† however we are absolutely helpless against losing our feeling of personality and mankind. We are giving ourselves, gradually, over to innovation. In Cell, the thoughtless â€Å"Phoners† are before long sorted out into â€Å"Flocks,† which move around in designs particularly like relocating flying creatures. This underscores King’s focal dread: the marriage of innovation and science. He is by all accounts requiring a world that exists disconnected. In his book The Soft Edge, media scholar Paul Levinson concurs that the crucial idea of innovation intently reviews humanity. There are real worries to consider as we advance toward an ever-expanding reliance upon the innovations accessible to us. Levinson states that â€Å"the insight of nature isn't in every case bravo, to the extent that it suits storms, dry spell, starvation, quake, and all way of dangerous occurrences† (150). Nature’s inclination toward decimation and breakdown, otherwise called entropy, is reflected in innovation and, plainly, in Cell. Like nature itself, annihilation is a piece of the idea of innovation, King accepts. Levinson questions whether innovation can have things like â€Å"ugly ragweed,† which must be checked and controlled. He asks â€Å"whether ragweed can be controlled without stifling the excellence and worth that develops directly close to it, untended† (Levinson 151). His vision is lined up with King’sâ€technology has the ability to destroyâ€but he feels that it very well may be controlled. Mechanical frameworks won't rebel against us, as they do in Cell, however they should be effectively viewed. Cell paints an unmistakable picture of society near the precarious edge of collapseâ€one that individuals have eagerly gotten tied up with. In King’s mind, we are guiding ourselves to our own death, if not our loss of mankind. Something as basic and omnipresent as a phone is transformed into a device of fear. With Cell, King makes us question whether we have built up frameworks for ourselves that are less useful but rather more they are corruptive. His tale is a wake up call about where we are going as a progress. At the point when we next pick up the telephone, King recommends the destiny of our own mankind might be calling. The most effective method to refer to Dialing Our Death: A Critical Response to Stephen King’s Cell, Papers

MDP Professor Glenn Denning discusses gene editing, food COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

MDP Professor Glenn Denning discusses gene editing, food COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA Professor Glenn Denning was featured on Popular Sciences website in, GENE EDITING SHIFTS FOOD POSSIBILITIES FORWARD. Heres the beginning of the piece, and make sure you take a look at the rest of the article, too! The aisles of your corner grocery may look mundane. But as you walk past the stacks of cherries and blueberries, the ears of corn and bottles of white wine, consider that you are witnessing a race against time. Every day, our planet grows a little hotter and a little more crowded. Every day, we need to grow more food in the face of more hostile conditions. Every day, scientists are racing to develop tougher crops that can withstand growing heat, drought and ferocious storms to feed a growing population. “Our existing varieties of crops, our existing seeds, are not necessarily well-adapted to the new environment,” said Glenn Denning, a professor of development policy at Columbia University. “We have to look elsewhere.” The race never stops. It plays out year after year, in our laboratories, on our farms and along the aisles of our supermarkets. We have managed to stay one step ahead largely due to human ingenuity. The quest for a more perfect crop is about to take a quantum leap. Scientists have developed a breakthrough technology that will allow us to develop new crops built for a harsher climate. It’s called gene editing and it could prove vital to our survival in a warmer world. READ MORE

How I Learned From The Class Writings - 1418 Words

As I look back to when I first started taking this class I began to think about the things that I have learned. It had been quite a long time since I wrote anything other than basic notes or letters before I started taking the EN100 course. In fact, I have never been much of a writer even when writing about subjects I enjoy, so when the Justice was brought up as the main topic of the papers that we would be writing over the semester I was less then pleased. Now that my misgivings as a writer and my distain for the overall subject matter are out in the open, let’s get back to the subject at hand. What have I learned in EN100 or more specifically, what have I learned from each of the papers I wrote on justice and from the in class writings?†¦show more content†¦Another thing I learned from that first paper is that it is not acceptable to forsake the freedoms of some in order to better the majority. John Rawls, wrote in his book, ‘A Theory of Justice that Each per son possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override. For this reason justice denies that the loss of freedoms for some is made right by the greater good shared by others. So not only should justice be upheld for all people, regardless of their situation, but that these rights should not be overlooked in order to merely appease a majority. My second paper entitled Unjust American Justice showcased an article by Talia Jane called â€Å"5 ways America’s Justice System Is Designed to Screw You.† I learned from writing this paper is that someone cannot simply use â€Å"facts† that are based on a single persons experience if that person does not allow people to check their facts by withholding the name of their source. When writing one should always try to state facts, not opinion or bias experience. When reading any articleShow MoreRelatedHow I Learned From Class Into My Writing876 Words   |  4 Pagessemester I thought Writing 102 was going to be very similar to other writing courses that I have taken. However, as the semester wore on, I came to the realization that this course would be challenging for me. I have always thought that my writing was fine and that I could skate by with mediocre papers. This thought process could not have been further from the truth. To be successful in writing classes such as this one, I needed to follow a writing process. I needed to utilize the information I learnedRead MoreMy First Time Making A Career Goal1516 Words   |  7 Pages2015 Lesson Learned To me, this semester has gone by pretty fast and during this semester, I learned so much in this course in a short period of time. I learned how to study different methods of writing and writing in different purposes. 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As a college student, my writing are about different types of class assignmentsRead MoreReflection About My Writing Process925 Words   |  4 PagesMy writing process have improved thank you to my English 100 level class at Arizona Western College. I feel more confident with my writing style. At the beginning of the class I was very confused with the writing process and the steps to make an essay. I had a difficult time developing an outline and putting together my ideas, so I was not able to write an essay with a good structure. In addition, my grammar was not the best, and some of my sentences were incomplete. During the class period I learnedRead MoreSignificant Improvement : Things That I Have Learned From English 10101105 Words   |  5 PagesThings that I have Learned from English 1010 Have I improved from when the class started to now? Or have I remained the same or worse have I become a worse writer and reader? 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As a college studentRead MoreGraduation Speech : My Writing Skills943 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the course of DE, I have truly learned a lot and my writing skills have truly improved tremendously. Taking this class has helped me become a better writer and has helped my grammar grow extremely. Another thing that I have gained in this class is stronger sense of vocabulary words. While writing these papers I have learned the variety of different papers there are. I have learned how to write these papers for future purposes so I will be successful in the long run. My goals as an improvingRead MoreMy First Year Of High School923 Words   |  4 Pagesto have learned and known that something. During my senior year of high school, I discovered everything I learned prior to that year would relate to my future. Writing essays every day helped me to be accustomed to writing. Reading something every day will helped me because that I would learn new information. Using the technologies like the computer is also a part of my meaning to everyday life. Lifelong Learning will always be part of our daily lives wherever we go. To begin with, writing is a lotRead MoreI Am An International Student From South Korea929 Words   |  4 PagesI am an international student from South Korea. As a first-year international student, English language and American culture are my weakness in my academic life. Especially, I had a lack of American culture such as manner. I took the ENG 194 class to improve my academic writing skill for my future writing works and know the American culture. Moreover, in this class, I wanted to know that something practical knowledges about how to apply for a job in the United States of America. Because one of myRead MoreI Am Proud Of What I Have Accomplished951 Words   |  4 PagesBefore taking UWP1, I felt confident in my ability to write an essay; however I struggled with in-class essays because of the limited amount of time to draft, write, and edit. As a sophomore, I have experience writing academic essays for UC Davis classes. I have come accustomed to in-class essays and short-ans wer paragraphs in lieu of the typical multiple-choice test. With the time limit on an in-class essay, I always felt rushed, and by the time I reached the conclusion I felt I was only repeating

Doctorate in Business Administration and the Theory of Business 2019

Business administration has two PhDs someone can obtain. One is a Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA), and the other is the PhD or Doctor of Philosophy. Of the two, the PhD program is designed specifically for a career in research and teaching or other academic pursuits. The PhD doctoral program will provide a foundation in business, economics and management. Equally important, however, are the components of research theory and the type of interdisciplinary regimen that will be necessary for original research in the field. The in-depth study of research and research technique begins with a review of the literature on the subject. Moving on, the PhD candidate in business administration will study theoretical modeling; research design; computer-assisted analysis of empirical data; and the preparation of proposals and research papers drawn from these studies. A basic requirement for someone interested in pursuing a doctoral career of this type is an inquisitive nature that is comfortable with the intellectual skepticism critical to a research environment. Many great scientists place doubt as the keystone of great research: in academia, uncertainty is a positive and productive force. .uc4026b1f1ff0094df13f8185397734cd { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uc4026b1f1ff0094df13f8185397734cd:active, .uc4026b1f1ff0094df13f8185397734cd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uc4026b1f1ff0094df13f8185397734cd { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uc4026b1f1ff0094df13f8185397734cd .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uc4026b1f1ff0094df13f8185397734cd .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uc4026b1f1ff0094df13f8185397734cd:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Find Vocational and Trade Degree ProgramsAnother critical element of the PhD program for business administration is the development of teaching skills. The assumption is that people enrolled in this program may well be headed toward a life in an academic environment and in the field of business administration; the classroom will be part of that environment. Some schools have developed teaching courses that are interdisciplinary in nature, bringing together doctoral candidates from a variety of fields to learn about the teaching process. Out of this, a PhD candidate should develop a philosophy of teaching that is bred from coursework, work as a graduate assistant and interaction with his peers from other disciplines. In a traditional campus setting, the faculty advisor is an important resource for PhD candidates, acting as a mentor through the course of study. Choice of a faculty advisor usually depends on the intended area of concentration, such as management, financing, and the like. At some point, a Doctorate Program Committee comes together as the student begins to formulate a thesis outline. .u96b6272a0c7706b1b3e77ef0af1bcab2 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u96b6272a0c7706b1b3e77ef0af1bcab2:active, .u96b6272a0c7706b1b3e77ef0af1bcab2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u96b6272a0c7706b1b3e77ef0af1bcab2 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u96b6272a0c7706b1b3e77ef0af1bcab2 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u96b6272a0c7706b1b3e77ef0af1bcab2 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u96b6272a0c7706b1b3e77ef0af1bcab2:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Schools, Colleges, and Institutes of TechnologyThere are a certain number of core courses regarding business administration that are required for any PhD program. These may or may not have been met during previous study. They include the basics of business theory, economics, statistics, and the use of computers for a variety of purposes. Beyond the core requirements, much of a PhD program may involve activities outside the classroom and off campus, in the area of emphasis. PhD candidates in business administration may focus on a primary area of interest. Among the standard academic offerings as focal areas are international business, international finance, marketing, production/operations management, finance, and accounting. The purpose of a PhD program in business administration is to prepare the doctor-to-be for a productive role in research, in the classroom, and should the path lead elsewhere, in a corporate environment or in government. Because of the rapidly growing communications abilities of the internet, there are some PhD programs in business administration available online. The DBA mentioned earlier, on the other hand, is a program offered by a variety of online schools. Both University of Phoenix and Warren National University offer online doctorate programs in business administration. The computer and the telephone provide the communications links to campus resources and faculty guidance. .u72494324dd367b3a8164e5a636d98cbf { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u72494324dd367b3a8164e5a636d98cbf:active, .u72494324dd367b3a8164e5a636d98cbf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u72494324dd367b3a8164e5a636d98cbf { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u72494324dd367b3a8164e5a636d98cbf .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u72494324dd367b3a8164e5a636d98cbf .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u72494324dd367b3a8164e5a636d98cbf:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Utah Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Utah, the Beehive State Related ArticlesBusiness Practices and TheoryOnline Postgraduate Business Administration DegreesA Doctor of Business Administration Degree Unlocks the Door to the Global EconomyFinding a College Teaching PositionThe Doctorate in Education Educational LeadershipHow to Teach Yourself Computer Programming

Waves Free Essays

When people think of waves they may think of a nice vacation or maybe a storm. Most people may not think about what causes waves or how waves can get so tall and powerful. In addition, people may not think about how tides are formed. We will write a custom essay sample on Waves or any similar topic only for you Order Now The movement of waves includes information about how waves form, how they move, what happens when waves interact, and some of the effects of waves. When people visit a beach, they might realize the daily rise and fall of the water, or how high and low tides can get. Tides are caused by the moon, sun, and the earth and are almost never are the same size or duration. A tide can spread out to be much bigger than what it was predicted to be (Simon 1990). The easiest tidal sequence is the semidiurnal tide. A semidiurnal tide has two high tides and two low tides of about equal height each day. Semidiurnal tides may have a daily inequity where successive hide tides have different heights. Semidiurnal tides are often easy to predict because high or low tides occur a consistent length of time after the moon has passed overhead. Both the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans generally have some semidiurnal tides with two other tides each day. Spring tides normally occur when there is a full moon and the sun and the earth are in a straight line. When this happens, tides are never the same size or last the same amount of time as the people may expect. There is also neap tides and they occur when the moon is in the first or last quarter, when its gravitational pull on the oceans is at a right angle to the sun. When this happens the tide will not be the same size or last the same amount of time either. (Hawkins 2005). Therefore, the pull of the moon causes tides and these tides produce waves. Waves are the forward movement of the ocean’s water due to the oscillation of water particles by frictional drag. Waves can also vary in size and strength based on wind speed (B. Amanda). When people are considering waves, it is important to know that while it appears that the water is moving forward, only a small amount of water is actually moving. Instead, it is the wave’s energy that is moving. When the waves get too tall, relative to the water’s deepness, the wave’s stability is weakened and the entire wave falls onto the beach, forming a breaker. Breakers come in all different types. The type of a breaker is determined by the slope of the shoreline. Falling breakers are caused by a steep slope. Spilling breakers occur when the shoreline has a gentle or gradual slope. Crests of waves are formed by a thrust or the forward push of the wave. Which could lead to the development of breakers. Sometimes, huge waves are created by undersea earthquakes or the pointy motions in the seafloor. These huge waves are called tsunamis or tidal waves. They can make really big messes and can kill a lot of people (B, Amanda). Waves are put into categories and named according to how they are formed and how they appear. Waves that are looped as they reach the shoreline are called ocean currents. These currents are generated in the surf zone when the front end of the wave pushes to the shore and then slows down. Wind also causes waves and these are called surface waves. Regular patterns of smooth, rounded waves in the open are called swells. Swells means that they are mature undulations of water in wave energy that has left the wave generating region (B,Amanda). When waves meet and interact they form what is called an interference. The interference occurs when the crest and trough are between two waves that are align and then they combine. The action of an interference makes a dramatic increase in wave height. When water molecules get the energy they move forward,and all of the waves are forced closer together because they are now moving a lot slower because of the wind speed. The movement of wind speed over the oceans generates corresponding movements in the water. When the seafloor becomes shallow the waves become flattened(B,Amanda). An underwater earthquake can trigger a tsunami that creates a long, fault rupture that can get up to or over 800 miles long(B,Amanda). â€Å"In December 2004, an underwater earthquake was triggered a string of tsunamis along the Indian Ocean with overwhelming effects. Scientists have found a break in the sea floor faults which are causing the earthquakes, tsunamis, and waves to be extremely dangerous. † (B,Amanda) Since waves are so powerful they have a big impact on the shape of the world’s coastlines. Generally, they straighten coastlines. Sometimes headland’s composed old rocks are very resistant to erosion just into the ocean and force waves to bend around them. When this happens, the waves energy is spread out over multiple areas and different sections of the coastline which receive different amounts of energy and are then shaped differently by waves(B,Amanda). Waves can also cancel out each other through when crest meets a tough or vise versa. The movement of sand, gravel, and concrete with the long shore drift is know as deposition. Coastal landforms caused by deposition include barrier spits, bay barriers, lagoon, tombolos and even beaches themselves. Coastal features found today include cliffs, wave cut platforms, sea caves, and arches. These types of features make it clear that ocean waves have a tremendous impact on today shoreline. Erosion also creates many of the coastal features found today. It can also act in taking away sand and sediment from beaches especially on those that have heavy wave action. Erosion also creates many of the coastal waves today(Amanda B). Erosion is a broadly defined group of processes involving the movement of soil and rock. This movement is often the result of flowing agents, whether wind, water, or ice. How to cite Waves, Papers

Introduction to Technology in Education

Question: Discuss about the Introduction to Technology in Education. Answer: Introduction I Monika Sharma, student number 5355345 have gone through many magazines and journal article that boost my thinking towards the importance of the introduction of technology in the education system. As a part of my assignment of the subject code EDGI900 for the purpose of research and evaluation, the blog consider the relevant information supporting the concerned topic. Beatty, (2013) stated that computers become a part and parcel of life so much that they are used in all purpose for the accomplishment of the work. In the education field, the use of a computer is enhancing to an extent that all teaching and learning procedure is done with the help of a computer. Information and communication technology makes it possible to learn the foreign language efficiently and facilitate the language learning process. Moreover, the computer can be used as an aid for learning and can be considered as a substantial interactive element. In addition to that, emerging trend of CALL (Computer- Assisted Language Learning) will also be discussed in this assignment, which primarily comprise of two significant features - interactive learning and personalized learning. A brief summary of four selected journal articles will be given in this assignment in order to support the research topic. The use of evolving computer technology that makes the learning procedure easy to adopt for students and easy for teachers to make the student learn are two of the prime advantage of using CALL. Levy and Stockwell, (2013) depicts that sometimes teachers are on vacation and in that period of time the classes has not been conducted; however, with the incorporation of CALL in the education system even in the absences of teacher they can make their fellow students teach the chapters. On the other hand, Hsu, (2013) illustrate that a huge number of students use this facility for learning different language through the multimedia application. The visual and graphical representation of the learning materials makes the students more attracted towards the procedure of the education. These computer application programming allow the class scheduling according to the requirement of the individual learning. The interactive course can also develops the communication skills with their team members a s well as make them aware of the evolving technology. Golonka et al., (2014) portrays that, there are three phases of the CALL for individual to learn languages in efficient manner. These phases are - Communicative CALL, Behavioral CALL and integrative CALL. The communicative CALL makes the teacher enable to communicate with their students for teaching grammar implicitly (Mutlu Eroz-Tuga, (2013). It also uses the target language with ease and makes the learning environment more natural both in online and in offline mode. Thomas et al., (2012) however, negates by depicting that communicative CALL application does not reward students on completion of small milestones that, results in discouraging them for achieving the next step of learning with interest. These computer-learning aids can never replace the effectiveness pf the conventional way of learning. In the context of the Behavioral CALL, Chapelle, (2016) mentioned that it dominate the behaviorist theories of learning. The author also mentioned that computer application can be set according to the individual's requirement and can be used in a repetitive way as computer do not get bored for carrying out repeated drills. This repeated exposure helps the student to understand the pattern of the study and helps them to perform well in their learning ability. Moreover, Fatemi Jahromi and Salimi, (2013) illustrate that integrative CALL mainly comprises of two technology Multimedia and Internet. Students can use multimedia for finding a procedure by which they can learn their way by using computers. This procedure makes the student create an authentic learning environment that s integrated by reading and writing skills along with some learning activities. This learning session also comprises of workbooks that help to assess the learn g outcome of the students and enables the teacher to analyze the weak areas of students so that they can proceed with another method. Students can search for different language videos in order to acquire the knowledge regarding the language, vocabulary and pronunciation skills. Hubbard and Levy, (2016) stated that Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) along with the CALL application signifies the importance of using the internet in education. Internet facility is developing so fast that everyone becomes used to with this invention. AbuSeileek and Qatawneh, (2013) further depicts that the internet has provided students an efficient way to communicate with their learning partners or to their tutors from anywhere 24 hours a day. This internet communication can be classified majorly in two ways asynchronous and synchronous communication. The asynchronous way of communication resembles the communication made by the student through discussion board or e-mails to their mentors or learning partners. This way, the language they learn and the grammatical mistakes can be quickly assessed, and further rectification methods will be implemented so that the students can learn the desired language efficiently. However, Thomas et al., (2012) demonstrate a negative outcome with this procedure that the students cannot communicate in person, which may weaken their ability to verbal communication with other especially when they are in other places. Thus, in order to overcome this, a synchronous way of communication is adopted by teachers as well as by student. MOOs, Skype and other video conferencing application are used so that their verbal communication skills can be assessed. Numerous software is also available on the internet like Rosetta Stone, fluenz, Speed Learning Languages and eLanguage (Perveen, (2016). These software makes student search for their required language learning study materials by selecting customizes learning module. Concordancing is assessment software where students themselves can test their hypothesis or language learning by finding the lexical and grammatical meanings within available stories. Sauro, (2012) stated that in the context of CALL, the computer themselves become a tutor for the students in numerous fields. The concerned application can be used in rectification of the grammar, reading and writing skills, integrated skills and speaking pronouncing and listening behavior (Sauro, 2012). Various software is present for making educational approaches effortless. Students as well as the teacher uses Longman Grammar Software, Grammar Mastery and Grammar 3D for learning and practicing grammar. ReadFlex is software used for speed-reading and with the help of the Paragraph Punch, students can write an effective paragraph in selected language. Moreover, Deutschmann and Vu, (2015) mentioned that different software are present for writing effective letters (WriteExpress Easy Letters) and report writings (Report Writer for Science and Engineering Reports) that not only allow the students to understand the format of these writings but also helps them to understand the quality of the language used for this. English Pronunciation and Dragon, Naturally Speaking, Accent Improvement are some of the application that is used for learning English, recognition of voice and for developing the accent of the non-native people like Chinese or African students so that they can improve their interaction effectively internationally (Chapelle, 2016). Beatty, (2013) mentioned that even though CALL has many advantages like improved cognitive and learning styles and individualized and private learning with the quality for self-assessing the development of the language, CALL is suffering from some adversities that need to be improved for the better educational learning procedures. (Hsu, 2013) also affirms that CALL is very predictable and is non-judgmental, which signifies some predefined programs that once practiced by students can easily be solved by them in the second try. This, they require some advanced learning workbook or training session for the further betterment. Hubbard and Levy, (2016) depicts that one of the most disadvantageous facts is that for accessing the CALL facility, one must have the internet connection in the academic infrastructure or house, which is not always possible for rural areas in developing countries. As a result, many students cannot search for appropriate resources for learning another language. Moreover, Bush (2013) illustrates that many teachers have the fear that CALL may have replaces them and hence they have a negative attitude towards CALL. This anxiety can be resolved by providing them proper training and skills to handle this application. Efficient professional or the application developer must have provided teachers instruction regarding the usage of the CALL for language, grammar and vocabulary learning. Kim, (2014) also holds an important issue that is the limited feedback of the teachers, as the developers also have to rely on their feedback quizzes for inputting essential learning objectives for all kind of students. Thus, it is concluded from the assignment that CALL helps in developing learning skills in a student for other native countries and culture regarding language and grammar for their educational qualification as well as their interaction with those communal. Teachers in school and high schools with this developing technology of CALL have to work effic iently for a better education system. Annotated Bibliography Angelova, M. Zhao, Y. (2016) Using an online collaborative project between American and Chinese students to develop ESL teaching skills, cross-cultural awareness and language skills, Computer Assisted Language Learning, 29:1, 167-185, DOI: 10.1080/09588221.2014.907320 Type: Conceptual Area of Study: Computer Assisted Language Learning for cross-cultural awareness Keywords: Computer-mediated communication (CMC), English as a second language (ESL), language skills, culture awareness Central theme and importance of the article The main emphasis of this article is to enlighten the importance of learning a language with the help of computers for the student who belongs from the different culture. A total of 26 Chinese first-year students are asked to collaborate with 23 American students so that each one of them can develop in three major fields improvement in their teaching skills to non-native people, understanding the knowledge of the diverse cultural importance and take an initiative to enhance the language skills of non-native students. The American students communicate and learn through computer facility like discussion boards, e-mails and sometimes Skype. The American students also help those Chinese students in developing their grammatical errors by asking them to write introductory essays on American life and culture. American students for obtaining better result in non-native Chinese students repeat this procedure. Keengwe, J. Hussein, F. (2012) Using computer-assisted instruction to enhance achievement of English language learners Type: Quantitative Study Area of Study: English language learners with the help of CALL City of Origin: New York Keywords: Computer technology, Computer-assisted instruction (CAI), English language learners (ELL), Charter Schools, Student Achievement Central theme and importance of the article This journal articles mainly emphasis on the Somali immigrants, who transferred to the United States due to Civil War. Somali students take admission to American charter schools, where their culture is being provided equal importance and students are provided an effective procedure for learning the English language. Computers based learning not only shows better result in the regular student from re school to their higher education, but it also helps the special needed students. These Somali students learn the English language by numerous procedures that are - computer assisted instruction (CAI) and computer-based instruction (CBI). Moreover, CAI provides effective tutorials and helps in developing interactive thinking, conferencing and word processing activities. It makes the student learn their syllabus study effectively with an entertainment-aided device that results in the learning procedure easy. The chartered schools that take initiative for refugee student learn English uses C AI for developing interpersonal communication skills and enhance vocabulary development in them. Luo, B. (2016) Evaluating a computer-assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) technique for efficient classroom instruction, Computer Assisted Language Learning, 29:3, 451-476, DOI: 10.1080/09588221.2014.963123 Type: conceptual and Quantitative study Area of Study: computer-assisted pronunciation training for learning Canadian English Vowel City of Origin: Canada Keywords: Computer-assisted pronunciation Training, High variable phonetic training, L2 Speech perception and production Central theme and importance of the article In this article Journal, 22 Mandarin students are taken into consideration, where they are trained to learn Canadian English vowel. The computer assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) is being used in order to make them learn the vowels effectively with the use of graphical images showing each vowel category. This article mainly emphasises the adult learner, who are intended to learn pronunciation in a second language. CAPT also provide them visual feedback and also phonetic audio learning aided where they repeat the phonetic conversation and can compare their pronunciation with the phonetic audio. The users feel it easy to use as instruction is presented graphically that helps in their readability and learning skills. In this article two major issues regarding CAPT is also discussed - firstly, it does not an effective tool for the interaction between the L1 and L2 category and secondly, it is not efficient to increase the quality and quantity of the learning materials and its proced ure. Tai, S., Chen, H.-J. (2015). A comparative study of the effect of CALL on gifted and non-gifted adolescents English proficiency. In F. Helm, L. Bradley, M. Guarda, S. Thousny (Eds), Critical CALL Proceedings of the 2015 EUROCALL Conference, Padova, Italy (pp. 512-517). Dublin: Research-publishing.net. https://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2015.000385 Type: Quantitative Study Area of Study: Use of CALL for proficient English City of Origin: Taiwan Keywords: Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL), English as a Foreign Language (EFL), General English Proficiency Test (GEPT) Central theme and importance of the article Unlike in every article, in this journal publication, 20 students have been considered who are learning English as a foreign language (EFL). The academic institute used CALL for making them learns about the English proficiency and results in cognitive, metacognitive, and affective developments. Among 20 selected students, six are considered as gifted while the rest of the 14 students are considered as non-gifted on their IQ score. The computer aided device in providing these students learning logs, interview for better communication and regular questionnaire for solving the provided problems through General English Proficiency Test (GEPT). CALL provides abundant resources for students to learn and it is also evident that teachers can use these computer facilities to meet all the requirement of students promote language proficiency. The teacher often uses VoiceTubes where the seventh-grader student can learn English freely and can gain dynamic language learning experiences. References AbuSeileek, A. F., Qatawneh, K. (2013). Effects of synchronous and asynchronous computer-mediated communication (CMC) oral conversations on English language learners' discourse functions.Computers Education,62, 181-190. Beatty, K. (2013).Teaching researching: Computer-assisted language learning. Routledge. Bush, M. D. (2013). Computer-assisted language learning: from vision to reality?.CALICO Journal,25(3), 443-470. Chapelle, C. A. (2016). Second Language Learning Online.The SAGE Handbook of E-learning Research, 2e, 171. Deutschmann, M., Vu, M. T. (2015). computer assisted language learning in language education: an overview of theories, methods, and current practices. Fatemi Jahromi, S. A., Salimi, F. (2013). Exploring the human element of computer-assisted language learning: An Iranian context.Computer Assisted Language Learning,26(2), 158-176. Golonka, E. M., Bowles, A. R., Frank, V. M., Richardson, D. L., Freynik, S. (2014). Technologies for foreign language learning: a review of technology types and their effectiveness.Computer Assisted Language Learning,27(1), 70-105. Hsu, L. (2013). English as a foreign language learners perception of mobile assisted language learning: a cross-national study.Computer Assisted Language Learning,26(3), 197-213. Hubbard, P., Levy, M. (2016). Theory in computer-assisted language learning research and practice.The Routledge Handbook of Language Learning and Technology, 24. Kim, H. Y. (2014). Learning opportunities in synchronous computer-mediated communication and face-to-face interaction.Computer Assisted Language Learning,27(1), 26-43. Levy, M., Stockwell, G. (2013).CALL dimensions: Options and issues in computer-assisted language learning. Routledge. Mutlu, A., Eroz-Tuga, B. (2013). The role of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) in promoting learner autonomy.Eurasian Journal of Educational Research,51, 107-122. Perveen, A. (2016). Synchronous and Asynchronous E-Language Learning: A Case Study of Virtual University of Pakistan.Open Praxis,8(1), 21-39. Sauro, S. (2012). Computerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Mediated Communication and Second Language Development.The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Thomas, M., Reinders, H., Warschauer, M. (2012).Contemporary computer-assisted language learning. AC Black.